Other than military force, intelligence, diplomacy, community support and education is required. With the increase in military spending, resources diverted from other resources assists to meet economic, social and educational spending (Tom Quiggin, 'Time for a Different Approach in the War on Terrorism?', IDSS Commentary 82/2006, Singapore: Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies (IDSS), 15 August 2006
Navy creating a new maritime dimension. This goes together with the Homeland Security (Christopher P. Cava, 'U
S. Coast Guard notes that communication has been (prior to the terrorist attacks) "highly inconsistent" (Bryant, 2001, p
Moreover, Caldwell testified that it is very important at every port to set up "operational centers." Those centers must have: a) the latest leading edge technologies (computers, databases, networks, sensors) in order to monitor all vessels approaching, their home port, their cargo, their history; b) they must be led by established security departments that represent all valid stakeholders in that region; and c) the centers must be linked to all federal, state, local and private sector participants (Caldwell, 2006)
In the first six months of 2003, 234 attacks against merchantmen were recorded, with the waters of the Indonesian archipelago being regarded as the most dangerous." (Daly, 1) the danger of this pattern is reinforced by the events which actually preceded and served as portent to September 11th
In today's environment, '[c]onventional maritime law just does NOT suffice' and new angles fresh with maritime industry perspective will be needed.'" (Graffagnini, 1) This perspective implies at the root of the vulnerabilities demonstrated by our maritime channels is the demand for improved regulatory control over and oversight of both shipping activities and ports
S." (9/11 Commission, 260) in addition to the provocative title assertion, the details of the report connected many of the key ingredients to the attacks, and was submitted to President Bush a month prior to their occurrence
Even when steaming at three knots the inertia is enormous; the prospect of slamming these 300,000 tones into a reef or into another large ship even at that speed is beyond the ken of imagination." (Burnett, 151) The Burnett text is largely concerned with the issue of piracy, which must also enter the purview of this discussion given the conclusions already drawn relating the complexity and multilayered structural proclivities of terrorist organizations
Those carefree days are now gone and unfortunately we have inherited critical infrastructures so open that they offer terrorists a vast menu of soft targets." (Flynn, x) for the United States, there has been a certain disadvantage rendered it due to its insulation for global conflict, which has very rarely touched its soil
Current discourse contend that "understanding the nature of maritime terrorism risk requires an investigation of threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences associated with potential attacks, as grounded both by relevant historical data and by intelligence on the capabilities and intentions of known terrorist groups." (Greenberg et al
These Caribbean countries are among the short list of natural gas producing countries and liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) exporters." (Kelshall, 1) Within the boundaries of this trade route, there still persists a great vulnerability, even more than five years after the September 11th attacks which are said to have shifted the attention of America's defenses to the prevention of terrorism
These were ramming, blowing up medium-sized ships near other vessels or at ports, attacking large vessels such as supertankers from the air by using explosive-laden small aircraft, and attacking vessels with underwater demolition teams using limpet mines or with suicide bombers." (Koknar, 1) These are, of course, useful directives to be used in the defense of identifiable targets such as oil tankers and military vessels
This was, however, a trend of collective perception that became gradually inevitable, especially when the in the 18th century the British had begun in earnest to forcibly eradicate its purveyors. (Krystek, 1) Thus, the royal crown's efforts at creating a theretofore nonexistent establishment sentiment against piracy rendered it illegal and its likely practitioners more prone to wanton criminality
This demonstrates the feasibility and effects of such an 'improvised weapon of mass destruction (WMD)." (Mitchell, 2) the very prospect of this makes many of the conditions today contextualizing America's defensive and securities strategies concerning the nation and its ports essentially and deeply flawed
This was a managerial failure, not an institutional one."(Posner 2004) This was an analysis which came three years too late, as the Patriot Act had received a fast-track to actualization in the confusing miasma of despair that directly followed 9/11
This is to say that, even with our ports woefully insecure, that in order for the threat of maritime terrorism to be reduced, "the land capability of terrorist groups will have to be disrupted and degraded, which will in turn prevent any development of a maritime capability." (Raymond, 1) This would correlate directly with traditional and/or proven methods of terror prevention
This was confirmed by the recovery in Afghanistan of video tapes for Asian, Middle Eastern, African and Caucasian terrorist groups to study in depth both offensive and defensive maritime operations by governments as well as by other terrorist groups." (Richardson, 2003, p
But when it comes to small boats, he said, " 'nobody knows a lot about them.'" (Sullivan, 1) This highlights the admitted shortcoming that such smaller vessels as that which ruptured the outer-hull of the U
However, "what the law fails to address are acts of piracy committed: by governments, within territorial waters, for political purposes." (Vallar, 1) Much like in the past, governments who are incapable of levying the kind of direct political authority in trade as they would desire are inclined by this dearth of regulation to appeal to seafaring piracy
In specificity, there was published a 1999 National Commission on Terrorism report in which the agency warned specifically that Bin Laden's network was invested in hijacking airplanes to be used as 'missiles' attacking American structures. (Young, 1) the risks here, as above, would be catastrophic in scale and nature