It is clear that the relationship between health care expenditure and health outcomes is complex (Nixon and Ulmann 2006). (Spithoven, 2008, p
S. (Wickizer, 1995) The proposed solutions to the problem are many, yet the most logical set address the fact that uninsured patients are seeking allopathic and heroic measures in high cost environments, as well as seeking routine medical care through such systems
Bruno Bettelheim might characterize "The Metamorphosis" as satirical commentary on the modern age's inability to properly assess itself. If children's literature deals with the transformation of a frog into a human (implying sexual and moral growth), Kafka's human transforms into a bug (implying not growth but regression): "The idea that as he grows up, his sexuality too must, in his own best interest, undergo a metamorphosis" (Bettelheim 290) can readily be applied to the inverted adult fairy tale that is "The Metamorphosis
¶ … value of literature must apply to all human beings alike, not to some group…Men [and presumably women too] ought to value literature for being what it is; they ought to value it in terms and in degrees of its literary value…" (Draughon, Earl Wells, 2003, p
Foster reviews the many iconic authors and poets that lifted ideas from the Bible, including writers like Faulkner, Hemingway, John Milton, Chaucer, John Donne, Tony Morrison and James Baldwin, among many others. Why is knowing that great literary figures use Biblical ideas and events important? Part of the learning process in reading great literature is knowing the sources of the authors' ideas, Foster explains (Foster, 2003, pp
He is disappointed in fact when individuals only read important novels once. Reading a novel the second time for many on his list of incomplete readers is "…like a burnt-out match, an old railway ticket, or yesterday's paper" (Lewis, 2012, p
This is because the extra meaning contained in nonsense comes not from what it "means but rather what it does" (Rieder 47). Nonsense is not meant to be understood itself, but rather to reveal something about the underlying structures and assumptions that it is playing with by breaking down the reader's usual interpretation of those elements (Andricikova 25)
For example, when Mary notices that Colin's manners are atrocious, she thinks about how she "had indeed been rather like him herself and since she had gradually discovered that her own manners had not been of the kind which is usual or popular. Having made this discovery she naturally thought it of enough interest to communicate to Colin" (Burnett 293)
However, to see how the nonsense in the book manages to subvert adult standards of behavior and culture, one need not look any further than Alice's initial descent into the rabbit hole. As she is falling, Alice wonders if she "shall fall right through the earth," and remarks to herself "how funny it'll seem to come out among the people that walk with their heads downward" (Carroll 3)
To begin, it will be worthwhile to partially define the notion of literary nonsense as such, in order to better contextualize the subsequent analysis of the texts mentioned above. In his book Philosophy of Nonsense, Jean-Jacques Lecercle describes nonsense as representing "metasense," meaning that "the negative prefix in 'nonsense' is the mark of a process not merely of denial but also of reflexivity," because nonsense literature constantly forces the reader to acknowledge a kind of conflict between the avatars of authority in the form of "rules of grammar, maxims of conversation politeness" and the extra meaning that is created by the gleeful subversion of these avatars (Lecercle 2-3)
The book reveals the tendency of adults to go along with seemingly nonsensical statements or behavior because they are unwilling to admit that they view them as such. For example, when inquiring about Winnie-the-Pooh's name, the only answer the narrator gets is a seemingly exasperated question from Christopher, "Don't you know what 'ther' means?" (Milne 5)
Thus, nonsense literature does not merely mock established preexisting forms of literature or speech, but rather depends on them in order to make its point, because, as nonsense, it does not directly make a point. This is because the extra meaning contained in nonsense comes not from what it "means but rather what it does" (Rieder 47)
Exhibiting nonsense literature's fondness for "maxims of conversation politeness" and traditional representations of authority, the scene in which Stuart learns of Harriet features the titular character talking to a storekeeper. The storekeeper tells Stuart that one of Harriet's "ancestor's used to be a ferryman here in Revolutionary days," and that "her people, the Ameses, are rather prominent" (White 104)
Cognitive mapping is "a process composed of a series of psychological transformations by which an individual acquires, codes, stores, recalls, and decodes information about the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in their everyday spatial environment." (Dagan, 2011)
When the brain sees a certain image associated with a certain piece of information, it is able to encode that association into the brain. (Goldstein, 2008, p
The type of associative learning induced by imagery is also believed to be responsible for the functioning of mirror neurons. (Heyes, 2010, 581)
Visualization and mental mapping are able to enhance long-term memory because our brain hardwires information that we perceive in the external word into these special mirror neurons. (Shapiro, 2009, p
Imagery adds an additional avenue to recollection by encoding the association of an image with a piece of information in one's brain. (Fields, 2011, 185-6)
Cognitive mapping also uses the process of association to enhance long-term memory, but the associations are richer and more numerous in a cognitive map. (Yeap, 2011, 4)
When considering the circumstances in the poem, it appears that he was wrongfully accused and murdered by individuals who did not actually understand the nature of their act. By constantly relating to the location where the poem takes place, "Way Down South in Dixie" (Hughes 223)