We request from our lady citizens who work as telephone operators: Please immediately cut off conversations in Greek and Latino. (Aslan, 2007, p
246) The Turkish language itself was even modernized, being shorn of the Persian and Arabic loanwords that modernizers felt had given visible evidence of the nation's backwardness. (Candar, 2000, p
The Treaty of Sevres guaranteed to the new state a certain integrity of territory and national identity. (Smith/Kocamahhul, 2001, p
However, since a single episode of non-suicidal self-injury has been significantly associated and correlated with a history of comorbid conditions and abuse such as psychiatric distress and suicidality, there may be a group of single self-injurers that serve as a risk indicator for other pathology and/or risk behaviors (Whitlock, Echenrode & Silverman, 2006). The most common forms of self-injury, not including intentional tattooing or piercing, include banging objects with the intent to self-injure, biting, tearing the skin, punching, carving and burning (Heath, Toste, Nedecheva & Charlebois, 2008)
In the empirical studies and scholarly literature, the phenomenon is referred to as "self-harm," "self mutilation," "self-injury," "self-injurious behavior" or "cutting" and is defined as the self inflicted, deliberate destruction of the body's tissue without intent of suicide for purposes that are not socially sanctioned (Mulchenkamp & Gutierrez, 2007). Although most frequently associated with a suicidal gesture, non-suicidal self-injury is statistically associated with suicide and can inadvertently result in fatality or unanticipated severe harm (Nock & Favazza, 2009)
Linguistics Self-Injurious Behavior What is regarded as non-suicidal self-injurious behavior (NSSI) has met with much scholarly debate; however, this growing phenomenon has an increased presence in popular media and the mainstream as well as a growing number of anecdotal reports from junior and senior high school counselors, therapists, and physicians suggests it may be, as some have referred to it as, "the next teen disorder" (Whitlock & Knox, 2007)
Linguistics Self-Injurious Behavior What is regarded as non-suicidal self-injurious behavior (NSSI) has met with much scholarly debate; however, this growing phenomenon has an increased presence in popular media and the mainstream as well as a growing number of anecdotal reports from junior and senior high school counselors, therapists, and physicians suggests it may be, as some have referred to it as, "the next teen disorder" (Whitlock & Knox, 2007)
It is a merge of the words ebony meaning black and phonics meaning sounds. The term was created in 1973 by a group of black scholars who did not like the negative implications of other terms that were being used at the time (Baik, 2011)
That is, with the exception of the Oakland Unified School District task-force composed of educators concerned with the poor academic performance of African-American students, predominantly in language arts. They arrived at the conclusion that African-American students were speaking African-American English, a deviation of English influenced by African languages and therefore, like most other non-standard English speakers, having trouble comprehending content taught in standard English (Ebonics & Education, A Dystopian Fantasy, 2010)
"Called Black Vernacular English (BVE) in the 1960's and 70's and African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) in the 1980's and 90's, Ebonics has conventionally been thought to be a dialect of English by educators and linguists. In order to comprehend why Ebonics might be measured a language other than English requires a closer look at what it takes to make a language, as well as what the dissimilarities are between a language and a dialect" (Fasold, 2010)
This led to the advancement of a mixture of different African languages and English. This type of language is normally referred to as pidgin or a basic mixture of two or more languages or the language of operation (Grant, Oka & Baker, 2009)
According to linguistics, a language is determined by its grammatical structure not alike vocabularies. A lot of languages like Spanish and Portuguese share words that have alike meanings, yet they are still two separate languages (Obasaju, Stewart, Jackson & Timberlake, n
Yet, the term Ebonics never caught on amongst linguists, much less among the general public. But that all changed with the Ebonics debate of December 1996 when the Oakland (CA) School Board documented it as the primary language of its majority African-American students and resolved to take it into consideration in teaching them standard English (Rickford, n
Yet, the term Ebonics never caught on amongst linguists, much less among the general public. But that all changed with the Ebonics debate of December 1996 when the Oakland (CA) School Board documented it as the primary language of its majority African-American students and resolved to take it into consideration in teaching them standard English (Rickford, n
The language itself is defined as a creole language as it is the accepted (though not the official) first language of the Jamaican Island and was developed from the interactions between English speaking colonizers and African slaves. (Cooper, 2009, 16) Though the social history of the language on the island will have only very brief discussion in this work the basic premise is that the regional African dialects of the slaves served as their native language until such time as the British English and the slaves had greater reason to communicate in a lingua franca, mostly for the purpose of plantation agriculture of sugar
It is also important to note that the King James Version of the bible is written in a context that no longer exists. Upon further research I did in fact discover that the version of the bible used for this translation was indeed not the King James Version but the Greek New Testament and is stated by the society responsible for the translation to have had the same level of rigor and high standards associated with any other vernacular translation of the text (Green, 2010)
Some have even used the example of liking pidgin to a language that is similar to how a foreigner would speak to a native speaker if he or she were not proficient in the native language. (McWhorter, 2005, p
This view holds that one cannot simplify what is not yet complex -- and therefore, the simplicity found in child language and second language acquisition is not the result of any productive process, but rather a reflection of an early stage of linguistic development… I take the point-of-view that simplicity and pigeons in creoles reflects, for the most part, the lack of expansion rather than a reduction in complexity. (Siegel, 2008, p