Societal, there was a sense of responsibility to the juvenile delinquent population to rehabilitate and possible deter them from further criminal activity and ending up a part of the adult justice system. The state took on increased responsibility as guardian for juvenile delinquents, and began to treat offenders in a youth focused system (Allen, 1981)
There are still questions as to whether zero tolerance policies have gone too far and whether or not they are effective (Howell, 2003). The restorative justice movement has institution other reforms that were minimally known outside of academia up until the 1990's (Bazemore & Walgrave, 1999)
There are still questions as to whether zero tolerance policies have gone too far and whether or not they are effective (Howell, 2003). The restorative justice movement has institution other reforms that were minimally known outside of academia up until the 1990's (Bazemore & Walgrave, 1999)
As part of the 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, the Runaway Youth Program, the National Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention and the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention were established (Carter, 1984). According to history, because of the increase of criminal activity in the late 80's and 90's, additional measures were enacted to "get tough on crime" (Butts & Mears, 2001, p
As part of the 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, the Runaway Youth Program, the National Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention and the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention were established (Carter, 1984). According to history, because of the increase of criminal activity in the late 80's and 90's, additional measures were enacted to "get tough on crime" (Butts & Mears, 2001, p
377). Since that time until the present, increased focus has been on the juvenile justice system, resulting from highly publicized violent crimes, increased gang activity, and shootings in many of the schools across the country (Carlsson & Decker, 2005)
1968 saw the passing of the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act that was established to encourage states to generate programs and plans that would be operational on a community level to dissuade juvenile delinquency. Federal funding was available for those programs that were approved (Carter, 1984)
Programs like Scared Straight are another example of secondary prevention efforts. The Scared Straight programs are rooted in deterrence theory and were initiated in the 1970's in New Jersey (Finchenauer & Gavin, 1999)
However, according to results conducted following these kinds of prevention/intervention initiatives and programs, the rate of recidivism is actually higher rather than lower, which according to Finckenauer and Gavin (199) supports the popularized myth that threatening punishment deters crime or the continuation of criminal activity. Zero tolerance policies have also been instituted subsequent to some highly publicized school shootings (Howell, 2003)
The juvenile court in Arizona decieded to put the minor in the State Industrial School until he turned 21 years of age or was "discharged by due process of the law." The decision by the Supreme Court stressed the importance of youth having the right to receive fair treatment under the law citing: (1) "the right to receive notice of charges; (2) the right to obtain legal counsel; (3) the right to confrontation and cross examination; (4) the privilege against self-incrimination; (5) the right to receive a transcript of the proceedings; and (6) the right to appellate review (Klein, 1984)
, 1998). It is important to highlight, however, that in order for a community or state to be eligible for Title V funding, there must be participating in research-based risk assessment and have to select prevention strategies that have a proven track record of effectiveness (MacKenzie, 2000)
171). From 1990-1999, the number of youth offenders in juvenile courts that were formally processed rose from approximately 650,000 to approximately 1,000,000 (Puzzanchera et al
There was also the institution of the minimal detention standards in many states. Ofttimes, these are 'one size fits all offense driven' sanctions imposed with little to no consideration for individual circumstances or needs (Sanborn & Salerno, 2004, p
One of the components of this initiative that many find encouraging is the reliance on what has been learned from epidemiological criminology career criminals, and studies regarding individuals, families, educational systems, factors in the community and society that place children at risk of involvement in increasingly more serious delinquent behavior. Moreover, the focus is based on what has been learned from protective factor research that serves to diminish exposure to risk and what has been learned from modern advances in evaluative research regarding intervention strategies that have proven to be ineffective and those that have proven to be effective (Sherman et al
From 1990-1999, the number of youth offenders in juvenile courts that were formally processed rose from approximately 650,000 to approximately 1,000,000 (Puzzanchera et al., 2003) which represented an increase that significantly outweighed the roughly 3% increase in arrests of juveniles covering the same period of time (Snyder, 2002)
¶ … Juvenile Justice System History of Juvenile Justice in the United States The United States experienced the Progressive Era from approximately 1900 to 1918 (Thomas, 1992)
One of the concerns, however, with programs like CTC is that a number of community-based programs are fragmented at best and although the intention of the programs may be on target, how that translates into community action does not necessarily correlate. Because of some of the rules, policies and procedures organizations have to adhere to, both public and private, community-based programs tend to lack coordinated effort (Whitehead & Lab, 2004)
S. Department of Justice in New Jersey, while 10% of white juveniles were adjudicated and sentenced for their first-degree offenses, more than 31% of African-American juveniles received sentences for the same crimes; white juvenile offenders were similarly found to receive lesser sentences than African-Americans in the state of Florida (Drakeford & Garfinkle 2000)
As well as being disproportionately represented in the juvenile population, African-Americans also make up a higher percentage of juveniles arrested for delinquency and a higher proportion of high school dropouts. They make up 15% of the juvenile population but account for 45% of delinquency cases involving detention (Morrison & Epps 2002)
Hirschi's Social Bond Theory Hirschi's social bonding theory argues that those persons who strong and abiding attachments to conventional society are less likely to deviate than persons who have shallow or weak bonds (Smangs, 2010)