337) identify three categories of factors that not only predispose a child to ADHD, but also co-occur with the same in the manifestation of antisocial behavior: Familial Factors: these collectively refer to those factors within the family unit that could prevent a child from obtaining the necessary parental guidance, care or supervision needed for their complete development. Key factors in this regard include poor marital relations, inadequate parental involvement in the child's development, and negative parent-child relations, all of which would make a child more vulnerable to peer-driven mischief from external quarters (Foley, et al
337). Social Factors: According to the academic failure hypothesis, children with ADHD or other learning disability are less likely to achieve academic success, even though they may have "average to above-average intellectual potential" (Kidder, 2010)
338). The effect of the three factors can, towards this end, be summarized using the Coercion Theory, which postulates that "child aversive behavior is maintained by parental responses which provide both positive and negative reinforcement" (OReilly, 2005, p
The aforementioned scenarios depict toxic stress and are therefore damaging to the child. The child should undergo his share of bad days or stress as they also positively contribute to the childhood development (Bornstein, 2013) In conclusion, it was seen that these years are quite crucial for the child's biological and social future
Considering the above discussion, it is clear that the seminar therefore looks into the relevance of child development in both biological and psychological means. It is relevant to see that childhood development is also an important determinant of health over the life of the child (Lazar et
It will affect the child's interest and desire to attain and grasp more educational opportunities. Furthermore, it is noted that there is a strong correlation between the adult disease outcome and educational attainment (Zigler et
However, in order to be able to get out of custody before the full time, the minor has to prove that there has been a change of behavior and that he is not a danger to the community anymore, nor is he a flight risk. The other difference in the proceedings between the adult and juvenile court system is that juvenile courtroom is usually closed to the media and the general public during the adjudication unlike the adult court proceedings where the general public is allowed in and even the media is allowed into the proceedings (Katya Komisaruk, 2007)
This is the common age limit that exists across most states except in Wyoming where the age is 19 years or younger (Whitehead & Lab, 1999). It is worth noting that by 2006, there were 92,854 juvenile delinquents living in the detention centers and a significant 70% were teenagers who were between 15 years and 17 years old, a smaller 15% were 18 years and another 15% being the age of 14 years (Lesley Barker, 2011)
Some status offences are based on the sex, race, religion, nationality and so on. For instance there are some laws that prohibit using ladies public toilets f you are a man, curfew laws for people of some age are some other instances though not widely thought of as such (Net Industries, 2011)
Moreover, she presents a convincing argument for the existence of a relationship between abuse (both vertbal and nonverbal) and the acting out of a child through delinquency. Finally, for the purposes of this research proposal we will refer to a third study that suggests education could be at the heart of reducing juvenile delinquency statistics but the conditions in which the child is raised impacts their ability to choose between right and wrong (Hindelang, 1981)
A second study supports the premise that a variety of causal factors are at play in the existence of juvenile delinquency and the eradication of it is not guaranteed anytime in the future. This researcher suggests that the problem may be neurological and may stem from environmental factors too complicated to address with a single solution (Lewis, 2009)
Unfortunately, because the issue is so complicated researchers often tend to point to poverty as a single causal factor in a litany of other problems. For instance, one study suggests that there are a number of risk factors that can result in the antisocial behavior of children including poverty but also such things as peer pressure and family support systems (Loeber, 1990)
Changes were seen in the early 1800's. The beginnings of the juvenile justice system can be seen in policy changes that were directed at dealing with the phenomenon of poverty (Lab, Williams, Holcomb, Burek, King and Buerger, 2007)
It is important, where possible, to intervene with youth and families prior to detention or incarceration. No single factor is responsible for juvenile offending and subsequent incarcerations minority race, early childhood behavior problems and poor family functioning have all been implicated (Mallett, Stoddard Dare and Seck, 2009)
In 1990, these provisions resulted in about 82,900 felony convictions in state level criminal courts of persons between thirteen and nineteen years of age. There are four basic way to give criminal courts jurisdiction over children, 1) by lowering the age of jurisdiction, 2) by excluding offenses, 3) through judicial waiver and 4) via concurrent jurisdiction (Musick, 1995)
Adult leaders are largely responsible for implementing and operating this increasingly popular juvenile justice program that engages volunteer youth in the sentencing of their peers. Data collection and empirically logical research are only further fueling the youth court movement as researchers are finding that youth courts not only reduce recidivism, but also foster a healthy attitude toward rules and authority among youthful offenders (Peterson, 2009)
Status offenders are commonly characterized in the states statutes as persons or children in need of supervision. Most states distinguish such behavior from delinquent conduct to reduce the effect of any stigma on children as a result of their involvement with the juvenile court (Siegel and Welsh, 2009)
Ironically, evidence of running a successful drug trade advocates that these male youths may have some business-relevant skills. As these men get older, they may be able make use of their experiences to operate successful businesses (Edmondson, 2009)
However, few of these efforts have been conducted by schools of higher education, where professors are more likely to support those students who have a greater likelihood of a successful future and are in the mainstream of society. However, anecdotal evidence has suggested, contrary to previous research, those people who begin their careers in illegal activities can successfully redirect their careers into viable and legal enterprises (Edwards, 2002)
In 1994 and now numbering about 1,200, volunteer youth sentence their peers. These youth courts, which have reduced recidivism and enhanced a healthier attitude toward regulations and authority by young offenders, offer communities a way to provide immediate consequences for first-time offenders and a peer-operated sentencing mechanism (Peterson, 2009)