Also on page 140, paying money to potential informers, an old and "mundane" strategy, is helpful in certain cases in any terrorist milieu. Giving a terrorist, say, £50,000 to reveal where the next attack will be, could help save lives (Evelegh, 140)
However, in order to accomplish these goals the operations often were not in accordance with the laws in place to protect citizens against unlawful intrusions against their rights. COIN operations often involved such things as "shoot to kill policy, the over-zealous use of 'informers'…the oppressive treatment of detainees…and the repression of anti-state views…" (Dickson 2012, p
This situation came to be because "a Unionist government dominated the State and Protestant/Unionist interests de facto became the State's." (Dingley 2009, Chapter 2) Not only were the official police forces stridently Unionist, there were also a number of Unionist paramilitary organizations which held legal standing and were instrumental in instigating violence against Catholics
292) As a result of the need for such measures, in the period after the start of the 'troubles,' the Unionist-dominated Northern Irish government passed a number of "emergency" provisions which gave the British military unprecedented legal authority to carry out such operations. (Morgan 2009, p
The British government in London wanted little to do with the province and viewed the 'troubles' as something to endure until they could "restore a constitutional arrangement which allowed for the reduction of London's political and military commitment…." (Neumann 2009, p
British success containing the violence "led the IRA to follow a course of terrorism, rather than waging guerrilla warfare." (Black 2005, p
" (Black 2005, p.155) Finally came the settlement phase of the conflict from 1992-1998 where the British "took advantage of the IRA's military weakness in order to construct an inclusive settlement…" (Neumann 2009, p
138) The British military policy in Northern Ireland seemed to be an attempt to crush the IRA by a massive influx of soldiers on the streets. This policy was unlike their intervention in Malaya, for instance, where the British shifted "from a predominantly 'search and destroy' approach to a new 'hearts and minds' strategy…" (Stubbs 2011, p
In response the British Protestants attacked Catholics who were forced to flee "in fear from their Belfast homes as whole streets of houses were burned by frenzied loyalist mobs." (O'Brien 1999, p
The IRA's success in gathering large numbers of followers played an important role in making it appear that its actions were not necessarily condemnable. "Founded in 1919 as a commando unit against British rule in Ireland, the organization split three years later with the proclamation of the Free Irish State" (Whittaker 168)
An air raid on Dublin in 1941 did not coax Ireland to officially join the fight, though it may be speculated that this was due to a fear of further retribution on the part of Germany (Cavendish 610). As it was, though the nation remained neutral from a political standpoint, it did not stop Irish soldiers enlisting to aid Britain against the German threat (Althoz 130)
Was it the nation's pride that led Ireland to repeal the treaty? Two sources take different stands. The first is a letter from British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, in which he writes, "That bad man may as you say try Ireland and the mad policy of de Valera makes it difficult to ward off the first lodgement" (Churchill, Gilbert 73)
Good-natured and quick spirited, she is a woman who loves justice greatly and does not impose on her subjects. She was good-looking in her youth, but she is also tight-fisted to the point of avarice, easily angered and above all very jealous of her sovereignty" (Adams, 2003)
.they should take utterly from England all kind of peaceable traffic by sea, whereby would ensue such a ruin to England as I am feared to think on" (Canny, 1976)
" This substantial financial burden was a growing concern for Queen Elizabeth - plus, Sussex continued his urgent demands for more troops. The Queen had "expressed her willingness to maintain a standing army in Ireland of 1,500 men" (Dunlap, 1913), at a monthly cost of 1,500 pounds; but that force was "inadequate," Dunlap explains, "for any other purpose than merely to police the country in time of peace
" As to the cost of feeding the officers (and some higher-ranking soldiers), beginning in 1568, the Crown arranged for a purveyor to import 25,000 lbs. Of butter and 50,000 lbs. Of cheese annually (Falls, 1970)
Ireland's Allies and England's Enemies One solid ally of Ireland - Spain - was also clearly the most formidable enemy of England. Indeed, when the Spanish ambassador to England wrote a report to his superiors, in December, 1558, a month before the coronation of the new Queen, Elizabeth I, he said the following: "The kingdom is entirely in the hands of young folks, heretics and traitors" (Hammer, 2003)
And it this time it's pertinent to note that the vitriol between Spain and England was further exacerbated by the Pope excommunicating Elizabeth in 1570, and King Philip II of Spain pursuing of the "Counter Reformation" and the "Inquisition." It's also germane to note that the Roman Catholic kingdom of Spain was at that time the most powerful nation in Europe, and a "mortal foe of Protestant England" (Latimer, 2001)
For the Spaniards and Irish to be forming a bond - "two hitherto hostile races" - was very unusual and extreme, as Dunlap put it. And as to the well-trained friars, priests and Jesuits coming to Ireland (McGurk, 1997), "[They] were not regarded as Christianizing but rather as part and parcel of fuelling Gaelic resistance
And then, on the 23rd of November, 1601, a Spanish force of some 3,500 men on 130 ships attempted to land on Ireland (at Kinsale), although a storm scattered the ships off the Irish coast; 63 were lost, 2 were sunk by the English, and the others unaccounted for (Falls, 1950). "The fact that a small Spanish army managed to land [on land held by England] was an achievement in itself" (Thuillier, 2001)