The Sykes-Picot Agreement between England and France was the first attempt at creating such boundaries. The San Remo Agreement redrew the boundaries of the modern nations of Iraq and Syria (Stansfield, 2014)
My principle is to protect the younger, to respect the elder, to love my homeland and my nation more than myself. My ideal is to rise, to progress," before praising Ataturk for his forward thinking; this was the daily refrain of school children for 80 years (Cook)
Both had an impact on the reforms wrought by the respective leaders of the previous generation. In Turkey, Erdogan has worked "to eliminate Ataturk-inspired restrictions on Islam and to undercut the old judicial and military order that guarded against the Islamization of Turkey" (Fradkin, Libby)
In reforms that would later come to be known as the 'Kemalist project' a series of political, legal, cultural, social, and economic policy changes were implemented to westernize the nation. (Lawlor) Ataturk embarked on a strategy that involved banning the caliph, shutting down the religious courts, outlawing the fez (the orthodox religious symbol), modeling its workweek on Europe by adopting the concept of the European weekend, criminalized polygamy, and promoted women's rights
Khomeini appealed to a youthful, rebellious and populist front that was hard at the core in terms of following the Muslim laws and creeds. Khomeini helped rebuild the "absolutist nature of the state's highest religious authority" and end the secularization of Iran by rejuvenating the Islamic code among its populace (Mavani 807)