For example, take Enron. Enron's board of directors virtually waved the corporate Code of Ethics to allow Enron financial officers to complete the now famous off-balance-sheet deals that ultimately led to their bankruptcy (Williams, 2005)
0 is reported to be a "techno-culture term" that was first used in 2004. (Gil, 2014, p
In fact, the integration of technology into nursing is now required by the Health Insurance and Portability Act regulations. Since electronic health records will become universal by 2014, nurses and all healthcare workers are required to be in compliance (Fetter, 2009)
In the nursing field, there is becoming a concept such as the digital divide among nurses. Even though many nurses are familiar with the Internet and access it on a daily basis, there are some nurses who are familiar with other emerging technologies as it pertains to nursing and there are some nurses who feel that navigating the Internet is the only technology they need to know (Lupianez-Villanueva et al
There are other areas of study that also require some reconsideration as information systems move away from just looking at technology and work their way toward organizational and managerial issues. Information systems and computing have become more widespread in many organizations throughout the last 15 years and the amount of this has deepened and infiltrated almost every level of organizations (Adams & Sasse, 1999)
Case studies have found support for all of the propositions that have been suggested indicating that implementing information systems is very likely to be impacted by various factors that are similar to the factors that affect any other type of information technology implementation within a company or industry (King, 1995). When looked at this way it can be seen that one of the most significant managerial and organizational issues that industries face when dealing with information systems is that there is often conflict over these systems and other resources where information technology is concerned (Bohnet, 1995)
This comes from both internal and external forces and because of this it works to show not only what the individuals in their particular organization need about how the problems that they have can be solved through the use of better management information systems and other technological means (Gupta, Holladay, & Mahoney, 2000). The strong connection that middle managers have with other individuals outside the organization is very important because it shows a strong awareness of various different types of new technologies and helps to show how these middle managers might actually become aware not only of the technological advances that are discussed but also how well they have actually worked to solve problems or whether some other type of technological advance would be a better choice (Broadbent, Weill, & St
Guidelines such as these are not the only issues that individuals should look at when dealing with management and organizational issues throughout the companies that are implemented or creating information systems. However, resolving conflict early on can be exceedingly important in corporations and even in small businesses that may have a desire to create and utilize information systems in their company (Danziger, Dutton, Kling, & Draemer, 1982; Hightower, Ombok, Otieno, Odhiambo, Oloo, Lai, Nahlen, & Hawley, 1997)
In order to help organizations work better with each other and in order to help individuals within those organizations get along better there have been some ideas that have been created regarding organizational policies (Goodrich, Haar, & Mindreau, 1996). It has been indicated that there are four specific things that organizations should develop policies about and encourage what it comes to information systems in order to help employees work better together (Drory & Romm, 1990)
Communications networks in organizations are also often somewhat limited and adopting technological innovations or information systems in companies that have poor communication can be extremely problematic for many individuals (Bohnet, 1995). That is not to say that this cannot be done, but only that it will be somewhat more difficult than had been previously assumed (Drummond, 1995)
Unfortunately, collecting and managing much of this data can create problems that often seem insurmountable for many organizations (Leddy, & Fuller, 1996). Researchers have indicated that there are four specific reasons for this issue (Elkan, 1995)
One of the largest issues that has been focused on in this regard is communication, as how individuals communicate with one another in an organization and between organizations is often one of the most significant issues in dealing with how well a business will succeed in the community (Gillis, Perkins, Roemer, & Snodgrass, 1992; Haack, Craven, & Jampoler, 1996; Bocco & Sanzhez, 1995). Those that work with one another in an organization must be able to speak with each other on a level that is understandable to both parties and where information technology and information systems are concerned this is sometimes difficult (Gerland, 1996)
It also serves as a reminder of information systems and how they should be tailored to the operational objectives that a particular organization has (Tonnessen, 2000). By introducing personal computers and also by introducing client/server computing based on many of the standard software packages available today, the argument has greatly been strengthened for decentralized computing and management information systems (Gill, 2001)
In recent years, however, this has changed somewhat to focus more on the personnel side of information systems. One of the largest issues that has been focused on in this regard is communication, as how individuals communicate with one another in an organization and between organizations is often one of the most significant issues in dealing with how well a business will succeed in the community (Gillis, Perkins, Roemer, & Snodgrass, 1992; Haack, Craven, & Jampoler, 1996; Bocco & Sanzhez, 1995)
When something like this is allowed to grow and build it only becomes worse and more complicated to sort out later. In order to help organizations work better with each other and in order to help individuals within those organizations get along better there have been some ideas that have been created regarding organizational policies (Goodrich, Haar, & Mindreau, 1996)
The concern for patient privacy comes mostly from the patients themselves. They don't want someone sitting next to them to be able to have access to confidential and sometimes very personal information, but yet they want their information to be immediately available if they visit an emergency room or hospital for any reason (Haramboure, 1999)
Utilizing technology for geographic information systems also poses personnel problems that must be overcome if organizations are to be managed and dealt with effectively (Elkan, 1995). Many researchers have mentioned the various obstacles to geographic information systems in papers and research that has been conducted, and geographic information systems have been summarized in the context of being an administrative tool for various governments (Karnik, 1993)
These three things are not exceptionally relevant where a strictly technological standpoint is seen, but they are very relevant when it comes to the managerial and organizational structure of various businesses and industries (Karnik, 1993). Case studies that have been done on public sector organizations within the United States have tested propositions regarding organizational politics and what type of role it plays on implementing information systems (King, 1995)
There are obviously instances where this is not the case and there are also some where the decentralization and decentralization are not necessarily related to where the services and facilities are (Struth, 2000). The role that decision-making, management, and planning on a centralized level play in technology is continuing to increase (Leddy, & Fuller, 1996)
Having personal computers and a great deal of technology to go with them, however, makes it much more feasible to take the computing function and break it down into many smaller units which can be utilized by various departments (Gill, 2001; Dedrick, 1997). It is believed by other researchers that centralizing the management information systems function will increase economies of scale and help enhance the abilities that various agencies have in using data (Martinsons & Chong, 1999)