The resulting numerical information will be tabulated and analyzed by the Analysis of Variance statistical technique (ANOVA). As the ANOVA only has the ability to determine if a statistical significance will occur within the comparison, a modified orthogonal ANOVA will be necessary to determine whether or not any differences might possibly exist (Ferguson, 1966)
This is important to remember as the general public consensus is that HIV and AIDS are one in the same thing. The first AIDS cases were reported in 1981 through 1996 more than 510,000 AIDS cases and more than 315,000 deaths have been reported in the United States alone (Holmberg, 1996)
Should main effects be non-significant and one of their interaction counterparts statistically significant, then a test for simple effects will be employed to determine the whereabouts of the interaction. The ANOVA is best suited for multiple interactions over the single independent "t" Test as it allows for independent and dependent variable interaction accountability (Kerlinger, 1964)
Disfiguring sores, pneumonia that leave the patient gasping for breath, an endless series of infections that can strike almost any organ or system of the body, and, even progressive blindness. Any or all of these may accompany the development of aids (Lerman-Golomb, 1995)
The work of medical researchers has been an encouraging chapter in the ongoing stories of aids and HIV. Considering the disease was recognized only a few years ago and that its agent, HIV, is one of the most complex and baffling organisms on earth, the achievement is an astonishing" (Silverstein, 1999)
Before any attempt is made to present a historical accounting of HIV and AIDS there must first exist a clear understanding as to what is HIV and what is AIDS. Broadly defined HIV is the virus and AIDS is the resulting disease (Stebbing, Gazzard & Douek, 2004)
anthracis, "a lethality matching that of a hydrogen bomb." ("Anthrax as a Biological Weapon") The 2001 Anthrax Attacks The 2001 Anthrax attacks in the U
must develop new research, work with other developing nations more closely, educate the public about TB, develop better skin tests, and test immigrants to the country, and create national training and educational programs. They also need to encourage the development of new products to treat and identify the disease, and encourage state and local health agencies to become more active in the identification and treatment of the disease (Swartz 39)
). MDRTB Strain Imported The identification of a specific MDRTB in Spain transmitted from Equatorial Guinea reveals that strains can be spread across continents, making it a global threat (Gavin et al
). Resistance to Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol MDRTB is resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin and a global concern (Hoek et al
This increased use produced MDRTB strains extensively resistant to both first-and-second-line drugs (Morbidity & Mortality Report). Epidemiology Close to 500,000 or 5% of all new cases of TB diagnosed in 2006 were MDRTB, as they were resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin (Mitnick et al
, Morbidity & Mortality Weekly). Molecular Epidemiology Outbreaks in the 80s and early 90s in New York City caused widespread transmission of MDRTB strains in hospitals and state prisons (Munsiff et al
). Multidrug Resource-Limited Settings Evidence of successful treatments of MDRTB comes mainly from referral hospitals in advanced or high-income countries (Nathanson et al
). Double Infection One can get infected with a resistant and a multidrug-resistant strain of mycobacterium tuberculosis (Niemann et al
). Newer Diagnostics Recent advances in the field led to the development of new tools for faster TB diagnosis (Palomino 2006)
). Methods for Drug Susceptibility Testing WHO reported that there were 511,000 MDRTB cases in 2007 or 5% of all TB cases worldwide (Richter et al
S. In the late 80s and 90s spurred the use of massive resources that would insure safe workplaces (Sepkowitz 2001)
Tests are more needed and relevant in these settings for a realistic control of TB (Palomino). Treatment The proper implementation of the DOTS strategy can cure TB and prevent the development of drug resistance (Tam et al
The emergence of these variant strains increases the possibility that fully resistant strains may develop in the future and that currently available antibiotics will be ineffective for treating infections caused by this pathogen (Chikami & Murphy, 1998). Other drugs of choice for treating MRSA, such as Zyvox, are prohibitively expensive for many patients (Caldwell, 2003)
Over the years, though, S. aureus has acquired the ability to produce an enzyme (beta-lactamase) that was able to overcome the active ingredients in penicillin (Chikami & Murphy, 1998)