Some other sections of the society that were impacted negatively by the change included the skilled laborers and artisans who were rendered jobless or were downgraded as routine process laborers, and the land-owning nobility who lost some of their political power to the newly emergent bourgeoisie. Widespread industrialization, following the revolution, also resulted in increased pollution, deforestation, and the destruction of animal and plant habitats (Porter)
All of these technological innovations resulted in a tremendous increase in the exploitation of natural resources, and mass production of goods. (Ashton, 1997, pp
Durkheim thought that the alienated workers of the modern age would feel less alienated if he knew that they were part of the whole and their individual actions were contributing to the accomplishment of a common goal. (Jones, 1986, pp
These developments and the resultant growth in the output of food crops can be considered as nothing short of an "Agricultural Revolution." (Overton, 2002) Causes and Outcomes of the Agricultural Revolution One reason for the rapid growth of agricultural output grew was the adoption of new farming systems involving the rotation of crops
Communism is an ideology propagating the communal ownership of property and a society that is classless. One of the earliest propagators of this ideology was Karl Marx who advocated fro an authoritative economic plan that would see the distribution of wealth within the community with the interests of the community at heart (Paul M. Johnson, 2005)
With the rise in capitalism, which means there are few people who own the property and means of production, there rose the resistance to such a system and a communist system came up to counter the idea since majority of the people who worked the hardest got paid the least and continued living in deplorable condition yet they were the greatest numbers in every system. This made them push for the government controlled capitalism aka communism (Progressive Living, 2012)
Westward expansion began with the Louisiana Purchase and continued, expanding the size of the United States and making a central communication system necessary, as well as transportation reliable enough to reach these areas. Solving the problem of the communication was the telegraph, invented in 1844 and proliferated by 1860 (Kelly)
"In large establishments particularly, use of steam appears to have enhanced total factor productivity." (Atack 2006) For example, by the introduction and use of steam powered looms, the textile industry, which was originally a labor intensive operation, was transformed into a model of modernization allowing for more production, of more products, at a cheaper cost, and in a shorter time
The appearance of steamboats on the rivers of America precipitated the rapid growth in population as a flood of immigrants poured across the continent, pushing back the native Americans and bringing much of the American Midwest under cultivation. (Hunter, 1969, p
In America, the introduction of the steam engine transformed the United States into an industrialized country. (Lampard) They were used in a variety of industries beginning with the textile industry and, as cost decreased, transformed everything from iron making, to saw mills which have been described as "…the largest single user of steam power in 1838
By the 1870's America had emerged as a world power the equal of other European powers dominating "other countries and peoples in large measure because they monopolized the process of industrial intensification." (McClellan 2006, 312) With victory in the Spanish-American War of 1898, the industrial and military might of the United States was demonstrated to the world, as well as the beginning of an American overseas empire
(Lampard) They were used in a variety of industries beginning with the textile industry and, as cost decreased, transformed everything from iron making, to saw mills which have been described as "…the largest single user of steam power in 1838." (Temin 1996) Steam power also transformed the entire practice of making things; and led to what was known as the division of labor
Before, grueling work was sometimes necessary for survival, but the shift towards work as a means for monetary gain that occurred during the Industrial Revolution marked a shift in the way we view our relationship with work. The notion of work ethic as detached from basic survival is a relatively new concept, one created to support factory owners (Curry, 2003)
That so many persist with the work-as-identity paradigm is also worth of study, as this is a holdover from the pre-Industrial Revolution era, and complicates our relationship with work. Some of these long-lingering externalities take a negative toll on society (Crowley et al
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, work was done slowly and manually, and only enough was done to sustain one's livelihood. The Industrial Revolution heralded a shift away from this slow time orientation (Ferrante, 2005 )
This has drawn us back towards work as a point of self-identity, when scientific management predicted exactly the opposite. There are perils implied in identifying too strongly with one's work, yet we persist all the same (Henderson, 2005)
Technology, for instance, advanced enough so that processes that were previously reserved for manual labor (draft-animal-based economies) began to mechanize -- as with textile production. Combine this shift in philosophy with a vast improvement on moving goods to and from market and the use of steam and water power and clearly, a revolution was on the horizon (Lorenzen)
Marx saw this as the fault of a system which rewards some for exploiting others. Indeed, Marx saw that the only way for capitalism to flourish was to have a group to exploit -- if that group was not the workers of one's own country, then the system would be exported to a colonial empire and the resources (human and otherwise) would be used by the system to produce wealth for the few (Marx)
g. lessening the impact of disease), a decrease in childhood mortality (larger workforce), changes in food production (more efficiency, less waste and famine), a switch from rural to urban developmental needs, and the refinement of the steam engine all allowed for a continuous cycle of change and improvement (more food = higher standard of living = more surviving children = larger workforce = more food and services needed to protect from the outside (Mumford)
The fact that we still utilize railroad in this day and age represents the importance and brilliance of the Industrial Revolution. The American Revolution is seen as a time when Americans "grew extraordinarily suspicious of any attempts to tighten the empirical reigns on the colonies" (Bailey 137)