It allows "sneak and peek" search warrants, which can be issued based on less evidence than required for non-terrorist crimes, improves government access to confidential information when needed to combat terrorism, improves their ability to gather DNA samples, and clarifies law regarding attacks on American installations abroad (Doyle, 2002). The Department of Homeland Security, formed in response to the September 11 attacks, was set up to organize and oversee the roles the many different agencies as well as some private industries must play in order to protect America from further terrorist attacks (Haynes, 2004)
With the ongoing risk of people who may know how to build "dirty" nuclear bombs, or use biochemical warfare, or build a truck bomb, and believe that if they die in the attempt they are guaranteed an honored and distinguished place in the next life, we have to take steps to protect ourselves. The difficulty is that our vigilance has to be 100% effective 24 hours a day, every day of the year, in every corner of our country as well as our interests abroad (such as embassies and business sites), while the enemy only has to get lucky once (Taylor, 2003)
Literature Review Even though the Department of Homeland Security has not been around that long, there has been a lot of information written about it and there has also been a lot about managing large departments and organizations in general. The management of large organizations is a very crucial issue, whether they are government-related or not (Argyris, 1993; Argyris & Schon, 1978; Broom, Jackson, Harris, & Vogelsang-Coombs, n
Literature Review Even though the Department of Homeland Security has not been around that long, there has been a lot of information written about it and there has also been a lot about managing large departments and organizations in general. The management of large organizations is a very crucial issue, whether they are government-related or not (Argyris, 1993; Argyris & Schon, 1978; Broom, Jackson, Harris, & Vogelsang-Coombs, n
Homeland Security Funding by Department or Agency, Fiscal Years 2001 to 2003 (in millions) FY 2003 President's Department/Independent FY 2001 FY 2002 Budget Agency Actual Estimated (a) Request Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce National Security/Department of Defense (b) Department of Education Department of Energy Department of Health and Human Services Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of the Interior Department of justice Department of Labor Department of State Department of the Treasury Department of Transportation Department of Veterans Affairs Agency for International Development Corporation for National Community Service District of Columbia Environmental Protection Agency Executive Office of the President Federal Communications Commission Federal Emergency Management Administration General Services Administration Kennedy Center National Aeronautic's and Spare Administration National Archives National Capital Planning Commission National Gallery of Art National Science Foundation Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Personnel Management Securities and Exchange Commission Smithsonian Social Security Administration US Postal Service US Army Corps of Engineers Other small/independent agencies Reproduced from the following: GAO Source OMB MemorandumM-02-14, "Additional Information Requirements for Overseas Combating Terrorism and Homeland Security for the FY 2004 Budget" (August 8, 2002) and GAO analysis. The belief among many is that the Department of Homeland Security started off well and was a good idea, but may not go far enough or be as efficient as it actually needs to be (Dunham, 2002; Eggen, 2003; Fredrickson & LaPorte, 2002)
Often, however, the government does not seem to realize that it must manage itself in the same way that a business would in certain aspects if it is to succeed and therefore it does not market itself to the public. The spending that has been involved with the Department of Homeland Security is also crucial, because it has changed over time to reflect the needs and the realization of what it takes to make the Department work (Eggen & Mintz, 2003)
Often, however, the government does not seem to realize that it must manage itself in the same way that a business would in certain aspects if it is to succeed and therefore it does not market itself to the public. The spending that has been involved with the Department of Homeland Security is also crucial, because it has changed over time to reflect the needs and the realization of what it takes to make the Department work (Eggen & Mintz, 2003)
The "legal architecture for military and intelligence operations" is "half-baked," Chesney asserts (referring to the Title 10 and Title 50 confusion). And nothing points to this dangerous trend more poignantly than "…the CIA's emergence as a veritable combatant command," he points out (Chesney, 2011, p
Code but Wall's point is that the Panetta statement simply brings up the congressional oversight flaws that the author mentioned earlier. ["…The bin Laden operation could have been carried out under Title 10 or Title 50, and the mere involvement of the military does not exclude it from the realm of Title 50" (Smart, 2011)
¶ … Demystifying the Title 10-Title 50 Debate: Distinguishing Military Operations, Intelligence Activities & Covert Action." The hypothesis that is presented at the outset of the article is that even though Congressional leaders have attempted to "redefine military preparatory operations as intelligence activities," those efforts are "legally and historically unsupportable" (Wall, 2011, p
Part of that commitment and realization includes the need of every community to have local Emergency Management offices and Coordinators. (Daniels, 2007, p
Inadequate planning led to critical problems regarding food delivery, medical supplies, personnel, communication networks, and evacuation assistance. (Depoorter, 2006, p
City involvement needs to be as subsidiary to these other voices, as they are key stakeholders but are also not capable of retaining all control as they number in the tens of thousands. (Hulnick, 2004, p
gov/xabout/strategicplan/) Realistically acts of terrorism, domestic or foreign are exceedingly rare, though slightly more common than they have been in the past and at least marginally more violent in nature, they occur very, very rarely. (Lewis, 2000, p
Holmes was heavily armed; "Police say Holmes, 24, dressed head-to-toe in protective tactical gear, set off two devices of some kind before spraying the Century 16 theater with bullets from an AR-15 rifle, a 12-gauge shotgun and at least one of two .40-caliber handguns police recovered at the scene." (Pearson, 2012)
Business people communicate with colleagues or clients overseas. Technological advancements combined with the ever more interconnected world economy have led to an explosion of international contacts (Feingold, 2008)
Under a presidential order signed in 2002, the intelligence agency has monitored the international telephone calls and international e-mail messages of hundreds, perhaps thousands, of people inside the United States without warrants over the past three years in an effort to track possible "dirty numbers" linked to Al Qaeda, the officials said. The agency, they said, still seeks warrants to monitor entirely domestic communications (Risen, 2005)
However today communications are packet based. That is, communications are broken up into packets 'that travel along independent routes between point of origin and destination where these fragments are then reassembled into the original whole message (Taipale 2006, 3)
This organizational structure, while certainly extensive, is rather complex. Although the department has undergone serious transformations since its creation, the Washington Post called it "hampered by severe management and financial problems" in 2005 (Eggen 2005)
Al-Qaeda viewed the Twin Towers in New York City as well as those in the buildings at the time as legitimate targets because they were economic targets, and al-Qaeda views American economics as a world problem. We also know that Osama bin Laden is interested in nuclear weapons; he has called getting them a "religious duty" (Bunn, 2005)