Immigration laws have been made to target the Muslim population that is often associated with terrorism. Islam is perceived to be a threat to Christianity and French secularism (Entzinger, 1985)
This has made it quite easy for them to integrate into French culture and way of life. The Maghrebis reside in areas where there were industrial jobs that were low-skilled and non-discriminatory (Fargues, 2004)
Immigration in France A greater percentage of the 3 million Muslims who live in France are of North West Africa origin. Such statistics is owed to the events of the First World War that saw soldiers from Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia sent to fight along side French fighters (Laroui, 1970)
The Harakis are a disillusioned and a disenchanted lot. They have become vulnerable to crime and subversive activities given that majority of them are unemployed (Lewis, 1980)
Algeria sent at least 173-000 men to the World War I many of whom lost their lives. Of the 56,000 soldiers that Tunisia sent, 12,000 never returned to their native Tunisia (Seljuq, 1997)
Islamic activists and terrorists have henceforth been lumped together regardless of the fact that the act of a small group cannot be misconstrued to reflect the character of a nation. French immigrants' woes have been compounded by the equation of Muslim with terrorism (Shen, 2009)
The treaty resulted to France relinquishing its claims to three of the colonies; Newfoundland, Acadia and Hudson Bay. A new colony called Cape Breton Island was established as a successor of Acadia (Addall 85)[footnoteRef:2]
In its analysis of the topic, that is the colonial development and military establishment of New France, the review article takes a rather single-sided approach. It focuses more on the role of the French colonial administrators and mentions little about the military role of the local community who other scholarly articles indicate that they shaped the French presence in the colony (Armstrong 45-51)[footnoteRef:6]
[3: Boose, 67-71] Following the religious revival in France and some parts of Europe at the beginning of the 16th century, the French were encouraged to stem up their colonial efforts. Accordingly, the French established a commercial base at Quebec and consequently, the French government had to consider some form of military action to support the Indians who were their main commercial partners in their war with the Iroquois (Axelrod, 101)[footnoteRef:4]
To this end, the French relied more and more on the good will of the fishermen of the Atlantic Ocean as well as the Channel ports. Later on, the fur trade flourished enough and warranted the French permanent establishment in Acadia and Quebec (Boose, 67-71)[footnoteRef:3]
A key strength of the military establishment in New France was that the colonial masters never subjected the civilian population to military laws not unless there were general unrests in the colony or a threat of invasion from the English colonies which placed great the military activities of the French into jeopardy. In essence, the review article does not explore into great details how the military establishments in New France related to the Anglo-American interests in the continent and what role the colony played to weaken Britain or Spain's competing imperial influence in the area (Grenier 21-30)[footnoteRef:7]
The article shows that in contrast to the British colonies in the western hemisphere and particularly in north America, French colonies were characterized by heavy military presence and at times relied upon commercial companies engaged in fur trade to provide troops. This shows that the French were in constant fear of losing their colony to the enemy which could in turn weaken their imperial powers in Europe (Jobb, 51-64)[footnoteRef:5]
By constantly engaging each other in bloody duels, both parties came into realization that they needed to strengthen their defenses and protect their interest. To conclude, the article's account of the pre-confederation Canadian history is not sufficient as it concentrates more on the military aspect and leaves out such equally important aspects as economic development of the colony which was the reason for the military establishments (Marsh, 2196)[footnoteRef:12] [12: Marsh 2196] Work Cited Addall, T
The article does not for instance mention important military transitions that took place following French's surrender to colonial claims in the region. In its best, the review article seems to have concentrated more on the military involvement of the French during the period at which the country reigned at the colony (Raddall, 18-21)[footnoteRef:9]
This is perhaps one of the greatest structural weaknesses of this review article. In any event, history teaches that the French interest in the North American continent were constantly in conflict with the Spaniard and British interests (Zuehlk)[footnoteRef:8]
As Kirk Buckman explains, " human agency impacts the social world only through concrete political, social and economic structures" (28). Divided government can be defined as "gridlock, deadlock or stalemate" (Buckman
Notably, most of the country's initiatives to deal with the offense have resolved around the enactment of anti-counterfeiting laws. Some of these anti-counterfeiting initiatives in France include border measures in which customs authorities have been given investigative and anti-counterfeiting powers to seize counterfeit products (Casalonga & Guerrini, 2009)
Counterfeiting is a crime that can take various forms such as illegal downloading, which makes it difficult to understand and deal with. However, regardless of the form it takes, this crime involves the use of a right to intellectual property without the permission from the owner (Hyeans & Guillaneuf, 2011)
The fight against counterfeiting in France also involves the use of Committee Colbert, which attacks the counterfeit market in the country. As part of playing its role, Committee Colbert attacks the counterfeit market through various ways including signing a charter with the country's postal service and shipping companies to fight against the online counterfeit products (Phelan, 2012)
It also demonstrates to the one's business associates that one has command of a given issue. Bear in mind that the French have highly critical and highly analytical minds and can often change their minds very quickly (Morrison & Conaway, 2006)