When there is a suspect in a crime and part of the evidence is a handwritten note, investigators might call for the assistance of handwriting experts to try and find out if there are a match.in some cases, this can be just one piece of evidence which might get a suspect charged and convicted eventually (Thomas, 2002)
(Frost and Sullivan, nd) The work of Abu-Nimeh, Nappa, Wang and Nair (2007) entitled "A Comparison of Machine Learning Techniques for Phishing Detection" reports that there are three main categories of phishing and fraud defense mechanisms: (1) detective; (2) preventive; and (3) corrective. (Abu-Nimeh, Nappa, Wang and Nair, 2007) These solutions include such as 'anti-phishing toolbars' which are used for attempting to alleviate the problem of phishing
The injection of this data allows financial institutions to more easily track criminals and gain additional forensic information. (Forzieri, 2008) Frost and Sullivan report that there are several classifications of 'phishing' which include the following types of phishing: 1
" (2008) the focus is stated to be on the collection of information on "intermediaries and financial agents that can then be provided to law enforcement for criminal prosecution." (Gajek and Sadeghi, 2008) the defense model utilized and described in the work of Gajek and Sadeghi is very similar to the Humboldt defense system against phishing
Phishing is the theft of user credentials, such as passwords, social security numbers, PINs and answers to security questions." (Jakobsson and Soghoian, 2009) Social engineering is stated to have "become prevalent around 2003, it is a crime that is on everybody's lips
Combating the phishing threat requires more than simple avoidance -- it requires a more active approach to disrupting even successful phishing operations." (Knickerbocker, Yu and Li, 2009) The anti-phishing system introduced by Knickerbocker, Yu and Li (2009) is that called "Humboldt" which is similar to another system 'BogusBiter' which "…poisons the data that phishers obtain en masse in order to actively disrupt phishing activity
Typically, phishing attacks will direct the recipient to a web page designed to mimic a target organization's own visual identity and to harvest the user's personal information, often leaving the victim unaware of the attack.' (Watson, Holz, and Mueller, 2005) Jakobsson and Soghoian (2009) write in the chapter entitled 'Social Engineering in Phishing' and report that social engineering is a term "used to describe psychological tricks aimed at making victims agree to things they would not have done normally
Beyond these minimal requirements, social networking sites are wide open in terms of content, limited only by the agreed upon protocols and manners established for the venue. Not surprisingly, by July 2006, there were already more than 140 different social networking sites available on the World Wide Web with hundreds of million users (Anklam, 2007)
Registering is a simple and straightforward affair involving little more than creating an account and a user profile. Once these steps are completed, the site is open ground for exploration, posting of user-generated content and the creation of countless online relationships with others who share similar interests and views (Carter et al
" There was no question that Ted had made the bite marks on Lisa Levy's body. The photos would be the biggest piece of evidence the prosecution had linking Ted to the crime (Bell)
Hypnosis? Many believe that Ted Bundy probably eliminated at least 100 women. Bundy's MO was to bludgeon his victims, then strangle them until they stopped breathing (Lotter)
The physical evidence was initially sparse, but there were some clues, including the apparent murder weapon, left behind that could be used by an investigator. A recent study determined that "in order to link a defendant to a crime, prosecutors have presented expert testimony on a variety of forensic techniques such as DNA analysis, fingerprint comparisons, toolmark comparisons, and bullet lead analysis" (Kaasa, Peterson, Morris, Thompson, 2006, pg
Complementing fingerprinting analysis with DNA analysis provides a double whammy against the accused. An article in the Journal of Law espouses the fact that "in a little over twenty years, DNA evidence and the science and technology under-girding it have become highly valued instruments in solving crime, convicting criminals, and exonerating the innocent" (Noble, 2006, pg
Fingerprinting has been proven as an effective form of gathering evidence and has been used in societies for much longer than many previously believed. One study shows, "fingerprint identification is thus an example of the strategic reorientation of much older techniques by occidental society" (Pollman, 2004, pg
Blood evidence is very powerful evidence since current technology allows for establishing identities through the analysis of blood that is very effective. George Schiro, a forensic scientist with the Louisiana State Police Crime Laboratory writes, "a blood source can now be statistically narrowed down to one person out of several million or even several billion" (Schiro)
(2005) Harris notes that the work of Rogers (200) proposed categories of: data hiding; 2) artifact wiping; 3) trail obfuscation; and 4) attacks against the process and tools." (Harris, 2005) These categories are noted in the work of Harris (2005) to overlap one another
The Increasing Importance of Open Source Forensic Software The escalating rate of computer-based crime in the form of agents, Trojan viruses, and bots and automated Web Services that seek to capture personal information online and also gain access to secured banking, financial services, and military installations is growing at an exponential rate. The rate of growth of these threats is surpassing the ability of securities agencies and software firms to counter them (Abel, 2009)
This customization of open source forensics software to the precise needs of any given organization or government agency would be cost prohibitive with many of the proprietary software companies (Erickson, 2009). All of these factors are contributing to the development of enterprise information assurance programs (Barbin, Patzakis, 2002)
The authentication phase of gathering digital evidence centers on the integrity of the data captured and stored. This specific phase relies heavily on evidential integrity and authenticity of records (Barret, 2004) in addition to compliance to ISO 15489:1 (2001) a records management standard that has been proven admissible in courts for the preservation of digital evident
Open source forensics software has then progressed from fad to enterprise-wide application solution as a result (Rogers, 2003). Open source forensics software also has a significantly lower Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and a rapidly expanding base of development support which also combine to create an exceptionally strong catalyst of faster innovation as well (Bates, 1997)