This is when they will begin to look at certain nationalities and ethnic groups differently. (Ross 2005) Moreover, the article that was written by O'Neill (2006), is talking about how language is having major impact on culture
The data analysis required the researcher to "wallowing in the data" (Glasser & Strauss, 1967). In the process of writing memos, noting emergent patterns, and changes to the categories as a result of the constant comparison refining process, an awareness of the use of self in the data collection and data analysis is crucial (Coffey & Atkinson, 1996)
The military hospital is situated on a joint command post that is receiving a great many warriors who have returned from fighting down range. Methodology Using a grounded theory ethnographic approach, a series of six observation sessions in the waiting room of the family care center were conducted, along with two longer sessions in the emergency waiting room of the same hospital (Guba & Lincoln, 1994)
102). Finally, the concepts of validity and reliability are foreign to the field of qualitative research -- the concepts are not a good fit -- and the construct of trustworthiness of the data is substituted instead (Kvale, 1995; Lincoln & Guba, 1985)
The last theme generated the most interesting findings and even served to alter the focus of the research (that this can legitimately happen is one of the appealing aspects of qualitative research) from the patient experience -- which turned out to be remarkably stable and true to form -- to the experiences of the medical administration staff. The patterns of behaviors exhibited by this group of people in the natural context of their work could accurately be described as that of street-level bureaucrats, as described by Aaron Lipsky in his policy implementation studies of public service employees (Lipsky, 1980)
Street-level bureaucrats are able to influence the implementation of polity to such a degree that they become default policymakers (Lipsky, 1980). And with regard to the responses of street-level bureaucrats to the people they serve and with whom they interact, "workers' beliefs about the people they interact with continually rub against policies and rules" to the degree that the prejudices of street-level bureaucrats impact the way that they treat their clients -- or in the instance of this research, their patients (Maynard-Moody & Musheno, 2003)
Ethical Issues There are several ethical issues that might be considered when conducting a study of this nature. The main ethical question tends to be confidentiality (Lofland et al
My role will be that of participant-observer. This means that I will conduct the study by being part of the prison population itself (Quirk and Lelliott, 2002)
Certainly, the risks of being a serviceman at Great Lakes Naval Base are much less than elsewhere. However, medical risks are risks, no matter how small and the military has to do something to alleviate them in the name of good order, discipline and morale of the fighting force (Frese, & Harrell, 2003, 92)
The overall qualitative design was meant to provide the seed-bed for a later more in-depth quantitative study that will then involve statistical analysis. At present, the general research environment had to be probed qualitatively with interviews only to determine the criteria that would be tested in the future study (Hue, 2008, 303)
Qualitative research was chosen as a means of highlighting the contextual nature of social life; allowing for the exploration of subjective meanings and perceptions, and identifying social dynamics and processes. "Qualitative studies, particularly ethnographic research, can explain in great detail the nuances of African-American family life and the parental activities and behaviors that may account for youth outcomes" (Burton, Allison, & Obeidallah, 1996; Jarrett, 1995)
This article examined the role of the non-biological fathers, particularly African-American uncle as a critical and oft overlooked source of social capital and social support in the lives of African-American male youth Jarrett, Roy, & Burton, 2002). A great deal of the earlier work completed with regard to social capital (Coleman, 1990) has provided analysis on the benefit of children by evaluating the presence or absence of two parents within the family
Single female-headed households were seen as socially deficient models of social capital, unable to prevent negative social capital. According to Robinson, the issue of social capital production within poor Black families is a question answered by assumption rather than examination, although some work has begun in that area (Furstenberg, 2001)
The relationship absence has been frequently correlated to many social problems experienced by Black male youth; particularly violent and delinquent behavior. There has been a significant body of scholarly literature that speaks to the role of the African-American grandmother as a 'heroic' figure in inner city poor families, who in a number of instances, serves as the primary caregiver and surrogate to the grandchildren (Pearson, et al
However the role of extended familial networks as surrogate fathers and primary caregivers to single family households continues to be lacking. Data from a recent qualitative research study on the social capital in the lives of at risk Black make youth shows that many single female headed households frequently rely on their brother-in-law, biological brothers and older male extended family members to serve as father figures in the absence of biological fathers to their adolescent boys (Richardson, 2009)
, 1990). With increased conversation and discourse on social capital in African-American families and communities, fatherhood and the influence on youth, especially regarding issues of juvenile delinquency, serious violent crimes, and educational success must move past the myopic and traditional defined role of biological parent or stepparent (Salem, Zimmerman, & Notaro, 1998)
The work on the role of African-American men within fictive kinship and extended familial networks as surrogate fathers has barely scratched the surface. Moreover, what happens within African-American families to generate lesser or greater amounts of social capital for children is yet unclear (Taylor, et al
On the other hand, when individuals retain strong ties to their community of origin via language and other core elements of culture, outcomes will be stronger. The "melting pot" ideal may not be psychologically beneficial to all parties, as a strong alignment to one's culture(s) of origin mitigates some of the stress that may accompany the experience of migration and assimilation (Borrows, et al
Cross-cultural psychological research predominantly relies on research designs and methods that can be readily quantified, as with the use of the Pacific Islands Family Study. Furthermore, the methods used by cross-cultural psychologists in their research include the use of established tools or "standardized tests and measures," (Ratner, 2011, p