0 liter vehicles include: Volkswagen Touareg (2009-2016); Porsche Cayenne (2013-2016); Audi A6 Quattro (2014-2016); Audi A7 Quattro (2014-2016); Audi A8 (2014-2016); Audi A8L (2014-2016); Audi Q5 (2014-2016); and Audi Q7 (2009-2016) (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2016). As the announced number of affected vehicles expanded to 11 million vehicles worldwide (Ewing, 2016), the stunning extent of Volkswagen's deliberate deceit became clear
S. emissions experts tested some Volkswagen vehicles and found deliberate fraud through the use of "defeat device" software that turns emissions equipment on for emissions tests and off for actual driving (Plungis & Hull, 2015)
Volkswagen was apparently unable to create a cost-effective system that would meet emissions requirements and retain competitively superior engine power and fuel economy for its mass market diesel Volkswagens. Consequently, Volkswagen engineers designed the "defeat device" software (Rosevear, 2015), violating the letter and the spirit of the emissions laws
The process is repeated for each possible decision. Then the option that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number is chosen (Stanford Center for the Study of Language and Information, 2014)
The process is repeated for each possible decision. Then the option that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number is chosen (Stanford Center for the Study of Language and Information, 2014)
The process is repeated for each possible decision. Then the option that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number is chosen (Stanford Center for the Study of Language and Information, 2014)
The process is repeated for each possible decision. Then the option that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number is chosen (Stanford Center for the Study of Language and Information, 2014)
The EPA also announced that the affected 3.0 liter vehicles include: Volkswagen Touareg (2009-2016); Porsche Cayenne (2013-2016); Audi A6 Quattro (2014-2016); Audi A7 Quattro (2014-2016); Audi A8 (2014-2016); Audi A8L (2014-2016); Audi Q5 (2014-2016); and Audi Q7 (2009-2016) (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2016)
Consequently, the decision-maker was not a rogue engineer deep in the bowels of Volkswagen; rather, the decision-maker(s) must have been those in the highest offices who are responsible for Company-wide practices. The Board of Management of Volkswagen AG (Volkswagen, 2016), the parent company of Volkswagen Group, was the decision-maker and the termination of its CEO, Martin Winterkorn (Plungis & Hull, 2015), in the wake of the diesel scandal indicate his officially vital role (or scapegoat role) in the decision to cheat on the emissions tests
The deception was accidentally discovered. Discrepancies between the nitrous oxide emissions of some Volkswagen models compelled the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) to use the University of West Virginia's Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions (CAFEE) to test cars in 2014 and develop a functional control model (Wendler, 2015)
Vehicle emissions standards are set to deal with the air and particle pollution that endangers all forms of life on Earth. The laws are enacted to enforce ethical considerations of preserving a vital life resource on the planet (Young, 2015)
Administrators, for example, have budgets that they need to take into account. Where there are differences in ethical viewpoints, these can be difficult to reconcile among the different professionals (Ewashen, Perry & Murphy, 2013)
Nurses face many stressors relating to moral and ethical issues, and the stress that can arise from work-related ethical decisions can be a negative factor for a number of job-related outcomes. As a nurse leader, it is important to ensure that the work environment does not contribute undue stress (Corley, et al
It emphasizes virtue, or moral character. Virtue ethics is a natural framework for the nursing profession because it emphasizes doing good, treating others well, and because something is the right thing to do (Hursthouse, 2012)
When decision making and ethics go hand-in-hand, the decision makers ensure that they strive not to make unethical decisions as much as possible. The role of leaders in organizations is to convey to their employees ethics but this is however very difficult to put into practice when it comes to actual running of the organization (Kidder, R
The HRM will also have to engage in ethical decision making process while dealing with customers and employees once they have been absorbed into the organizational system. These will involve ensuring a safe working condition for these employees, the treatment of the employees in an appropriate manner, looking into employment of people with disability, the decision making on balancing the genders employed and well as the catering for the ethnic minority to be able to hold high positions in the business, making correct decisions in the issue of the age limits to employ as well as the treatment of the customers and their complains (Chmielewski, C