Research that does show a tie to economic factors and substance abuse are also tied to other factors. In addition to the neighborhood being economic depressed, as indicated by such things as childhood poverty rate and economic resources present within the community, amount of vacant housing and ratios of rented homes to occupant-owned homes, and unemployment rates, these communities were influenced by other issues, such as poor educational facilities and high rate of school dropouts (Allison et
Such an indirect approach only makes it more difficult to determine how useful the statistical results are. Perhaps because of the difficulty of separating economic factors from other influences when people choose to use illegal drugs, most economic studies have looked at the economic impact of drugs on neighborhoods, such as the phenomenon of young people turning to drug sales rather than working as an employee in a legally established business to earn money (Chaloupka & Saffer, 1999)
However, the topic is a complex one to consider because significant research and commentary today suggests that the older studies showing such a relationship may have had significant bias, in the form of assumptions, built into their research design. One of the largest assumptions has been that members of minorities use drugs in an effort to escape the problems of depressed economics and racism, as well as a way of making money in communities where few opportunities for well-paying jobs exist (Covington, 1997)
¶ … Label Drug Use USELESS, COSTLY or FATAL Off-Label Drug Use In November, 2003, the Knight-Ridder news service conducted an investigation on a practice called "off-label prescribing (Devitt 2006)
5 billion in sales (Johnsen). Exenatide injection is indicated only for Type-2 diabetes but not as a substitute for insulin (Ezzo and Ambizas 2006)
She estimated that Byetta costs $150 a month at wholesale (Wilson). Eli Lilly's Byetta, indicated for Type 2 diabetes (Johnsen 2005)
, one cannot possibly measure the financial and human costs entailed by off-label prescribing as to their wasteful use, insurance billing and paperwork in addition to the incalculable risks to human safety and health (Devitt). Issues on off-label drug use center on effectiveness and safety (Nightingale 2003)
It also needs to know the best timing for the launching, competitive position, pricing and what market factors influence the effectiveness of the selected indication expansion strategy (Business Editors). An injectable drug, called Byetta, can now allow diabetics reduce blood sugar to normal levels slowly and steadily (Wilson 2005)
The addict's life is one consumed with satisfying the need to maintain the euphoria that the brain has caused the person to become accustomed to, to desire. Family, social, employment, and all other aspects of an individual's life tend to be overcome by the individual's need to satisfy their addiction (Ammerman, R
However, serious discussions of the basis for the motivational dysregulation of behavior that is its core feature must navigate between languages seeking to describe physiological/pharmacological sources of influence and those focused on intrapsychic events whose basis is unspecified. An interesting review of the field that evaluated this distinction forthrightly concluded that both orientations contribute to our understanding of addiction, and that both structural frameworks can offer predictive value (Davies 1998) (Crabbe, 2002, p
The Sociology, Psychology and Physiology of Addiction Using mice, Dr. Greg Mark studied one of America's most tragic and dangerous drugs, methamphetamine (Ling, L
37). While some researchers stop at the mark that suggests drug addiction is just the body's craving and compulsion for the stimulating high that the body has physically and psychologically adjusted itself to as a result of reckless and irresponsible behavior (Morse, S
These were legal, as long as they were licensed by the U.S. Food and Health Administration (Sadovsky, 2000)
Jazz and Drug Use The music industry has often been associated with drug use, but most people think of rock and roll or rap when they consider musicians who use drugs. It may surprise these people to know that jazz music also has its share of drug use, and that this link has been ongoing since well before the 1960s (Aldridge, 28)
Efforts were made to combat this, but they achieved only limited success. Addressed here will be several facets of the issue surrounding jazz musicians and drug use, including the Playboy panel created to talk about the connection, how Hollywood has changed the perception of jazz musicians, and whether drugs do indeed have an effect on musical ability, as some studies have appeared to show (Fachner, 14)
How people are portrayed and assumed to be is often very different from how they really are, but the portrayal is often what people remember. That was part of the issue surrounding jazz musicians and drug culture (Myers)
8% of adolescent males and 5.3% of adolescent females had experimented anabolic steroids at some point in their lifetime" (Denham, 2006)
Many studies have tried to determine how many high school students are actually using PED and anabolic steroids, but it is difficult to measure this use with any accuracy. One study found that only 1% of high school athletes would admit to using steroids and 15% said that they used some form of legal muscle building supplement (Green, 2007)
, 2007). High school athletes already realize the health risks that they are taking and now teachers and students are being made aware of the issues (Liberatore, 2009)
One of the reasons for this is the body image ideal difference between males and females. Women are more likely to want a lean, fit figure (Denham, 2006) and males are more prone to desiring a body that demonstrates large muscle mass (Martin & Govender, 2011)