By the mid-1990s, however, multilateral summits were the norm rather than the exception. (Muldoon, Aviel, Reitano, and Sullivan 204)" As mentioned in the above, summits are becoming more of a norm than an exception; they are also branching off into summits not just pinpointing political affairs between countries but also problems in regard with the economical relations between states, also called Economic Summits
Diplomacy dates back to being as ancient as human existence itself, ever since man came into being, his need to settle matters to his benefit became of utmost importance, and states are the best representation of human nature when it comes to settling matters to one's advantage(s) as Henry Wotton (1568 -- 1639), who served as the English ambassador to several foreign government in 1604 puts it: "An ambassador is an honest man sent to lie abroad for the good of his country."(Patrick 1223) Though this statement might sound harsh and cynical for some -- and it is indeed, to some extent -- but the reality lies in the fact that a person who's been sent as a diplomat to the receiving state can and will not put his own country's welfare at stake for another
For instance, when it comes to International Diplomacy and Cyber Security Threats a tame problem can be described and it is clear when the problem solving procedure is done. Lately, wicked problems in either international diplomacy or cyber security have not been following such a clear pattern (Chen)
International Diplomacy and Rise of Cyber Security Threats Cyber security is considered to be an ongoing issue for governments, the private sector and individuals all over the world. It is now unusual for more than a month to pass without news of a large and often significant cyber-attack (Kanuck)
Another wicked problem when it comes to International Diplomacy is the deficits. Research shows that the legitimacy deficit reflects a decreased level of trust in the institutions of international government and a fall in public confidence in the organizations of representative democracy (Korns)
Nevertheless, wicked difficulties can sometimes be objectively solved; they can merely be made worse or better. They are the conflicting of 'tame' problems, for instance creating a vaccine or constructing a skyscraper, which may be complex or even simple, but which can be resolved by putting on standardized techniques or approaches (Narangoa)
It rejects over-explanation and helps to clarify why wicked difficulties tend to stay behind for years or decades, challenging the best efforts of societies and governments. Research also shows that once the scale of a challenge like cyber security is made less impervious, the path is then opened for creative ideas that are more sufficiently address not just the signs but the root reasons of the problem (Rotfeld)
On the other hand, 'interventionist' writers think that Roosevelt was unduly sensitive to isolationist criticism, and he should have intervened in the War at a much earlier stage in the best national interest. (Divine, 4-7) Historians who are sympathetic to Roosevelt believe that his wartime diplomacy was faultless and served the American national interest in the best way possible
He now ordered that the Lend-Lease concessions be extended to the Soviet Union as well. (Kimball, 87) the move bolstered Soviet Union's resolve to resist the German onslaught when the war was going against them and until its war machine could recover to stand on its own feet
For a good period of time Britain has been supporting Greece, but due to their financial instability they were forced to drastically lessen their support. This made the British to formally seek United States hand in supporting Greece (Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin, 2002)
This occurred, during the 1990's under Boris Yeltsin. (Graham, 2008, pp
The problem was that this created large oligarchies, which controlled vast amounts of Russia's infrastructure and resources. (Lundstead, 2010, pp
has engaged in a policy of having similar relations between the two nations. (Lundstead, 2010, pp. 217 -- 231) (Wilson, 2004, pp
1) The work of Acuto (2009) entitled: "City Diplomacy: Global Governance Beyond the State" states that Urbanization "just like globalization is a fundamental process that affects the present landscape of world affairs: although it does not represent a novel force in history, it defines the human experience in the 21st century as never before." (Acuto, 2009) Acuto states as example that at the beginning of the 2 oth Century only one out of every ten individuals lived in cities however, in today's world more than fifty percent of the entire population lives in metropolitan areas
1) The work of Acuto (2009) entitled: "City Diplomacy: Global Governance Beyond the State" states that Urbanization "just like globalization is a fundamental process that affects the present landscape of world affairs: although it does not represent a novel force in history, it defines the human experience in the 21st century as never before." (Acuto, 2009) Acuto states as example that at the beginning of the 2 oth Century only one out of every ten individuals lived in cities however, in today's world more than fifty percent of the entire population lives in metropolitan areas
Selection of data and what Perelman calls "presence" -- that is, points acting directly on listeners' sen-sibility -- are needed for effective argu-ment." (Hendrickson, 2008, p
1) The work of Dalia Dassa Kaye (2005) entitled: "Rethinking Track Two Diplomacy: The Middle East and South Asia" states that track two diplomacy is often defined as the "interactions among individuals or groups that take place outside an official negotiation process." (Kaye, 2005, p
In practice, it seems that PD works better when government A is a democracy, perhaps because totalitarian states are not faced with the necessity to communicate persuasively with their own civil societies and thus are not good at messaging to other civil societies." (McDowell, 2008, p
Image cultivation along with "propaganda and activities that would now be labeled as public diplomacy are nearly as old as diplomacy itself." (Melissen, 2005) The opinion of the public was almost never ignored in the ancient times and by "prestige-conscious principles and their representatives
1) The work of Sirianni and Friedland (1995) entitled: "Social Capital and Civic Innovation: Learning and Capacity Building from the 1960s to the 1990s states that in recent years "as part of broader effort to renew the foundations of democracy, social theorists have focused increasing attention on civil society, social capital and deliberative democracy. In this essay, we examine some of these issues in the context of participatory democratic innovation as an historical process of social learning and capacity building from the 1960s to the present in the United States" (Sirianni and Friedland, 1995) Examined are two specific participatory arenas: (1) civic and grassroots environmentalism, and (2) community organizing and community development