This is usually done by the acquisition of a more realistic philosophy of life. Some other goals of cognitive therapy are reducing the tendency of blaming self and others, and increasing self-interest, self-direction, self-acceptance, social interest, self-responsibility for disturbance, tolerance, flexibility, commitment, risk taking, acceptance of uncertainty, and higher tolerance of frustration (Galotti, 1994)
Therapists are also concerned about establishing a supportive, helpful facilitative alliance, working in collaboration with clients, knowing that empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard help to build up rapport with clients, and increase effectiveness of therapy. Furthermore, therapists should promote free expression of individual's perspectives (Granvold, 1994)
These are the most critical times, when eating disorders are the most likely to develop. Approximately one out of ten adolescents and university students have eating disorders and almost 95% of them are female (Grilo, Masheb, & Wilson, 2001)
Moreover, nutritionists and psychopharmacological interventions such as psychotropics and mood stabilizers used under careful supervision were found to be beneficial in several cases (Maine, 2000). Some family approaches used with relative success in treating eating disorders include Carl Whitaker symbolic-experiential therapy and Minuchin's family-focused structural approach (Gurman & Kniskern, 1991)
However in today's society children have been exposed to an extremely thin standard of attractiveness. Since television represents a major source of influence and information in the lives of children, they are particularly influenced and usually accept what happens on television as reality (Johnson, Cohen, Kotler, Kasen, & Brook, 2002)
Client role is to accept own beliefs as the cause for own disturbances, and work towards changing the behaviors into new ones that are more acceptable. In cases of eating disorders, the faulty behavior is related to unrealistic assessment of self as being overweight in spite of the real weight, usually below ideal body weight (Jongsma & Peterson, 1995)
Medications to aid in minimizing self-destruction behavior might be a part of the treatment, including atypical antipsychotic in conjunction with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and/or anticonvulsant (APA, 2003). Cognitive therapists display full acceptance and tolerance towards client, though confronting nonsensical thinking, by showing client irrational thoughts, taking client beyond awareness, and by demonstrating how their illogical thinking keeps disturbances active (Kaplan & Carter, 1995)
Those cases are growing in today's society. They are especially prevalent in the Western civilization, although researches are still seeking for the reason (Keel & Klump, 2003)
Cognitive therapy remains the strongest psychosocial intervention and is the preferable therapy treatment modality. Because of the absolutes, human beings demand perfection and whatever does not fit this irrational thought will generate frustration and sorrow (Kirkpatrick & Caldwell, 2001)
The most effective proved treatment is a team approach including psychotherapy, individual, family, group therapy, and support groups couple with medical treatment from a primary care physician (PCP) or from specialists due to medical complications (Les Parrott III, 1997). Moreover, nutritionists and psychopharmacological interventions such as psychotropics and mood stabilizers used under careful supervision were found to be beneficial in several cases (Maine, 2000)
Females get their sense of self-worth from upholding caring relationships, whereas males tend to derive their self-worth from instrumental achievements. Men are more likely to use sexual perversion, masturbation, and pornography in an attempt to have their dependency needs met, and are more likely to be associated with their disillusioned narcissistic needs (Sands, 2003)
It is suggested that this behavior is due to a need to be in control and food would be the only thing they could actually control. Moreover, it is important to access not only eating disorder symptoms, but also the presence of concomitant self-harm behavior, since they co-exist in many cases (Sansone & Levitt, 2002)
It is suggested that this behavior is due to a need to be in control and food would be the only thing they could actually control. Moreover, it is important to access not only eating disorder symptoms, but also the presence of concomitant self-harm behavior, since they co-exist in many cases (Sansone & Levitt, 2002)
Cognitive therapists display full acceptance and tolerance towards client, though confronting nonsensical thinking, by showing client irrational thoughts, taking client beyond awareness, and by demonstrating how their illogical thinking keeps disturbances active (Kaplan & Carter, 1995). Furthermore, therapists should help client to modify thinking, abandon irrational ideas, and to challenge the development of a more rational philosophy of life, in order to avoid future irrationality (Wilson & Fairburn, 1993)
A late diagnosis may occur because the signs of autism may appear to be another childhood disorder; however, early diagnosis is important (Goin and Myers 5-12). Even though children are not typically diagnosed with autism until three years of age, autism is present from birth (Barrett 8-9)
The use of photographic or pictorial schedules is a technique that uses pictures to show the stages of a desired task. Peer/sibling tutoring involves a peer or sibling modeling the desired task (Carothers and Taylor 102-104)
Boys are much more likely than girls to have autism. Some symptoms of autism are speech problems, avoiding eye contact, impulsive behavior, need for routine, and repetitive movements (Goin and Myers 5-12)
Social Stories are another effective tool in helping autistic children. "A Social Story is an individualized short story that can be used to assist individuals with ASD in interpreting and understanding challenging or confusing social situations (Sansosti et al
There is a spectrum of disabilities related to autism, sometimes called pervasive developmental disorders. These disorders can range from mild to severe (Sathrum 36)
Currently, scientists are testing the theory that "autism is a systemwide lack of communication among otherwise functional brain areas." In other words, this theory suggests that people with autism have normal areas of the brain, but the areas are not connected to each other (Strand 26)