I asked myself, what should be the approach if Gina shows signs of anxiety, more so than what a therapist would consider normal nervousness at the seriousness and the unknowns that she is embarking on? If she shows generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), then CBT would seem to be the logical approach. Psychologists Jayne Rygh and William Sanderson posit that "relaxation techniques" -- an important component of CBT -- can lead to "…market reductions in the symptoms of GAD as compared with nondirective treatments" (Rygh, et al
Nada L. Stotland, past president of the American Psychiatric Association, explains "…menopause means aging" and "aging is frightening…so we pretend we are just halfway through life" rather than facing that age is catching up to us (Stotland, 2005 1)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Gina -- Counseling Skills Used in the Session The basic skills that will be employed in the session with Gina will be through the use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). According to psychologist Warren Mansell, the fundamental principle of CBT is based on somehow building a collaborative relationship between the therapist and the client (Mansell, 2010, 51)
However, as author George E. Vaillant explains, while men get drunk and it tends to be "…a source of merriment" in film and popular literature, "…intoxication in women (who develop alcoholism for the same reason as men do) amuses no one" (Vaillant, 1995,123)
Impaired behavioral inhibition leads the addict to consider only the present gratification despite longer term consequences. Addictive disorders share a number of characteristic clinical features (Goodman 2007): (1) the disorder typically begins in adolescence or early adulthood and follows a chronic course; (2) narrowing of behavioral repertoire, continuation of the behavior despite harmful consequences; (3) sense of craving, preoccupation, excitement during preparatory activity, mood altering effects of the behavior, sense of loss of control; (4) progressive development of the condition -the symptoms above tend to increase as the duration of the condition increases; (5) experience of tolerance - as the behavior is repeated, its potency to produce reinforcing effects tends to diminish; (6) experience of withdrawal phenomena - psychological or physical discomfort when the behavior is discontinued; (7) tendency to relapse - i
In his adulthood he held several jobs, but he did not succeeded to preserve his employment. The most important risk factors are therefore prior histories of use of other drugs (alcohol, marijuana), disturbed family and social environments, clinical profiles marked by antisocial personality (Newcomb & Bentler, 1986), and genetic propensity for substance abuse
Through the entire life span, people experience crises in life that help them reach certain developmental goals. How each individual responds to these times of crisis determines whether they will be able to successfully move on to the next stage of growth or not (Dykeman, 2005)
One author says that crisis intervention as "methods used to offer immediate, short-term help to individuals who experience an event that produces emotional, mental, physical, and behavioral distress or problems" (Thomas, 2011) . Another definition comes from the research into how social workers are taught and is stated as the "immediate, active, and directive focus on restoring client systems to their previous level of functioning by capitalizing on the heightened motivation, capacity, and opportunity engendered by crisis" (Gelman & Mirabito, 2005)
How each individual responds to these times of crisis determines whether they will be able to successfully move on to the next stage of growth or not (Dykeman, 2005). These developmental crisis are encompassed in events such as starting school, first love, leaving home for the first time, getting and changing jobs, divorce, death of a parent, impending personal death (Hipple & Beamish, 2007)
People have an everyday equilibrium that is set by their occupation, home life, relationships, etc. which, if it is lost, can easily disorient and confuse (Hoy, 2007)
A trusted friend who shares that individual's belief system, a senior church member (deacon, elder, etc.), or a pastor can offer helps also (Martin, 2011)
The focus in non-Biblical crisis intervention is to use proven methods that have been properly vetted by empirical research. This research has shown that counseling is somewhat effective about 20% of the time (Vecchi, 2009), simply using external methods such as exercise and hobbies help to reduce the stress that cause many of the crises, and medication can help when the crisis is deep and sustained (Myer & Moore, 2006)
The Bible itself has many examples of people who were in crisis that turned to fellow followers and God to resolve the issue at hand. Many of these speak to the character of a God who jealously guards His followers, even against the things they do to themselves (Pasaribu, 2008)
The success rate of this type of intervention is approximately the same as if nothing had been done at all and the person was allowed to solve the crisis on their own. However, counseling can also be seen as having an unbiased ear to listen to the issues (Prins & Ruzek, 2005)
For those people in that state, there has to be some form of relief. One author says that crisis intervention as "methods used to offer immediate, short-term help to individuals who experience an event that produces emotional, mental, physical, and behavioral distress or problems" (Thomas, 2011)
which, if it is lost, can easily disorient and confuse (Hoy, 2007). Other definitions of crisis focus more directly on the stressors that can cause an individual to experience crisis and the steps that occur to exacerbate a stressful situation (Vecchi, 2009)
A tentative crisis intervention plan for Bob would include a course of CBT, with a specific duration of sessions to ensure that Bob did not try to make the therapy continue indefinitely, as an expression of his neediness. CBT therapy involves focusing on changing the patient's thoughts and behaviors (Davidson 2006)
In fact, the 'cross-pollination' with other disorders is common in BPD patients: "The proper management of patients with BPD also requires taking into account the totality of their personality. Clinicians will rarely, if ever, encounter a borderline patient in whom BPD is the only diagnosable 'category' (a la DSM) of personality disorder" (Stone 2006)
In 1950 (and later revised in 1963), Erik Erikson added to the subject of crisis intervention with his publication of the book Childhood and Society. In the book he discussed crises as being a normal part of human development, which cast crisis in an entirely new light and offered the idea that "effective resolution of anticipated crises could prevent long-term maladjustment in an individual's development" (Annandale 2006)
With positive crisis intervention, a child will be able to successfully surmount the hurdle and move on to a happy and healthy life. If the crisis is handled positively, the child will be able to mature as a result of the crisis; however, if the crisis is handled in a negative manner, then the child may develop a "maladaptive pathway," which can later turn into a full-on mental illness (Browne 2010)