The first federal hate crime legislation, Shively explains, was debated in 1985, and the first federal statute related to hate crimes was the Hate Crimes Statistics Act, passed in 1990. Subsequent to that Act, other pieces of legislation have passed: the Hate Crime Sentencing Enhancement Act; the Violence Against Women Act of 1998; the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1994; and the Equal Rights and Equal Dignity for Americans Act of 2003 (Shively, 3)
Recommendations The recommendation is the use of solution-focused approach to counseling in assisting the individual become an effective agent in problem solving in their lives. This approach will lead the counseling session to direct Marceline to construct solutions of problems from current and available resources within their knowledge, awareness, and reach (Burwell & Chen, 2006)
Marceline gives her consent, and the history indicates at fifteen she had undergone a psychological assessment using the DASS (Depression, Anxiety, Stress/Tension Scale) that has 42 items. The report indicates using the DASs scale with fourteen basic symptoms, in which Marceline responded to statements in the scale with a four point likert scale (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2005)
According to the released FBI report there were 11.0 million major crimes reported in the United States during the year, which was only a one tenth of one percent increase over the year 2001(Eggen, 2003)
Unlike (say) a case of theft, the damage is to society as a whole, and to notions of morality, proper conduct, and so on. Examples might be drinking alcoholic beverages, reading Marxist literature, homosexuality, gambling, or drug-taking, in societies where such activities are prohibited (Marshall, 1998)
But there are serious threats and because of that managers and executives are not the right people to be on top of the threats; the company should have a security expert on board (Nykodym, 44). Investigative journalist Bert Latamore explains that cyber criminals are acquiring business information like "…unannounced quarterly results, engineering and design drawings for new products," and updated business strategies (Latamore, 2010, p
It also proposes strategies that businesses can embrace that will (in many cases) prevent the intrusion of cyber criminals into servers and hard drives. What particular cyber crimes do businesses / individuals need to be wary of? An article in the peer-reviewed journal Performance Improvement (Nykodym, et al
This has been used with success in gang - related crimes. (Schwabe 33) a computer system to track gang members was instituted by California Governor Pete Wilson in March 1998
Argument: hate crimes can be reduced through education, by paying close attention to bigoted conspiracy theories, and by infiltrating extremist / hate groups. Original Issue -- Initial Solutions Erik Bleich writes in the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies that in order to try and stem the tide of racist and other hateful public pronouncements against individuals or groups, several European countries passed laws "…against racial incitement" (Bleich, 2011, 919)
). On the first day of class she breaks the ice with these posters because "…students feel more comfortable discussing things once they are out in the open" (Gerstenfeld, 2004, 110)
). On the first day of class she breaks the ice with these posters because "…students feel more comfortable discussing things once they are out in the open" (Gerstenfeld, 2004, 110)
This is a bold, intelligent approach. Criminology Professor Eric Hickey (Cal State Fresno) suggests that law enforcement needs to do a better job of " infiltrating" extremist groups so they can be monitored before they lash out with violence based on their hatred (based race, gender, sexual orientation, and religion) (Hickey, 2009)
Taking into account its speed, anonymity and reach, the internet provides an unprecedented forum for harassment and defamation. (Areheart, 2007) Ever since the mid 1990s, e-love networks have been proliferated and are estimated to generate $1
This is also confirmed in the considerable average capital losses in the 2008 survey. (Baggili; In the year 2010 we have been witnessing the manner in which media outlets & major corporations, though not intentionally have been frequently revealing sensitive information
The primary cause of such insecurity is 'Hacking' -- more particularly affecting computer systems. (Farsole; Kashikar; Zunzunwala, 2010) Current deliberations of computer 'hacking' refer to the disproportionate involvement of the juveniles in this type of cyber crime
Some of the significant types incorporate e-commerce deception, trafficking of child pornography, software theft and violation of network security. (Hinduja, 2007) All kinds of criminals, ranging from hackers & spies to sexual online predators and killers are capable of applying internet & computers to smoothen and ease the processes relating to their crimes
Another prominent incident during 2010 was when Gawker media sites were intruded by the hackers stealing about one million commenter's passwords & usernames. (Holbrook, 2010) Widespread use of internet has its advantages as well as disadvantages
The conventional methodology of criminology has been confronted by the virtual reality & computer-based communications, infusing new kinds of divergence, crime & social regulations. (Jaishankar, 2007) Most of the conventional crimes are presently being helped and controlled with the application of computer resources & networks
(Nykodym; Ariss; Kurtz, 2008) as a result of its unique characteristics that surpass national borders and the obscurity that it permits for its users, the internet is considered comprehensive for those who wish to evade law. (May, 2004) Individuals as well as businesses and governments are all susceptible to cyber crime
; about 90% of them have become targets of cyber attack. (Ngafeeson, 2010) Criminals make use of the internet facility to effectuate all process of deception, with the largest dollar losses catering to the advance fee deception e-mail messages