Arizona in 1966. The courts recognized that police interrogators do indeed sometimes use "devious techniques" to "extract confessions" from suspects they may consider vulnerable, including those with limited knowledge of the law, minority groups or those with low socio-economic status (Einesman, 1999:1)
Leo (1996) notes many including Nixon felt the Miranda Rights were an award for criminals not for the Supreme Courts of the United States, allowing too many criminals to be released on false pretenses when they should actually suffer incarceration and penalties for their actions. Further the author blames rising crime rates according to many, are the direct result of Miranda implementation which may be the reason so many law enforcement agents are eager to violate this legislation especially knowing they won't be persecuted by the law for doing so (Leo, 1996)
At these agencies, youths are required to complete certain requirements, such as formal counseling, in exchange for charges being filed against them. There are two over-arching concepts contained in juvenile diversion programs, whether for pre-trial alternatives to incarceration, alternative sentencing options, or reentry programs after incarceration, that are deemed vital to the success of the program: community collaboration and risk assessment (Altschuler et
, 1993). The growing violence in some poorer secondary schools and African-American neighborhoods has affected some students' pre-college educational experiences in ways totally foreign to the traditional student, and most of today's teachers were these traditional college students (Josephson, 1998)
Juvenile diversion programs in the United States have generally been based on the premise that early intervention reduces the likelihood that youths will later end up in the criminal justice system. Many youth policy advocates assert that delinquency prevention resources should target youths who are experiencing early warning signs of chronic problems (Macallair, 2007)
In addressing the detrimental effects of racial discrimination in jury selection, the Supreme Court has stated that the harm from discriminatory jury selection extends beyond that inflicted on the defendant by undermining public confidence in the fairness of the justice system. In an attempt to combat this problem, the Supreme Court has made a concerted effort to eliminate racial bias in the jury selection process (Mattie, 2004)
7% of Hispanic males and 1.6% of white males of the same age (Montaldo, 2007)
S. are white while most of the people receiving prison terms or the death sentence are blacks or other minorities (Randall, 2000)
Likewise, if the system unjustly punishes people, there can be no faith in the system. (Turrow, et
The Supreme Court case Safford Unified School District #1 v. Redding (2009) is a prime example of school officials crossing the line concerning violation of a student's Constitutional rights when the Arizona middle school had strip searched 13-year-old Savana Redding under suspicion she was hiding ibuprophen pills in her underwear (Barnes 2009)
She was then told to shake out her bra and pull her underwear away from her body, exposing her breast and pelvic area. After the search, she was detained for an additional two hours (Bravin 2009)
But, the Court of Appeals reversed the decision, ruling in Redding's favor that the school did violate her Fourth Amendment right. Judge Wardlaw said, "It does not require a constitutional scholar to conclude that a nude search of a 13-year-old child is an invasion of constitutional rights" (Liptak 2009)
However, by 2007, there were 1,518,535 prisoners in either state or federal prisons and jails, with an additional 780,581 local jail prisoners (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2010). When combined, this shows that fully 1 out of every 131 people living in the United States is incarcerated (Western, 2007)
The study measured perception through the respondents' support for the courts, the perceived quality with which courts handle cases, the fairness of court procedures and court outcomes, and the willingness of individuals with recent court experience to return to court on a similar matter in the future. (Rottman, 1)
News outlets often portray rich, powerful, and arrogant defendants represented by elite armies of lawyers, razor sharp and willing to do anything to win. (Ahmed)
S. Constitution and the principles of limited government. (Feith, xi)
China has not put in practice any specific law or legislation to encounter the issue of discrimination in its society. But there are some clauses and provisions in different laws that throw light on the importance of implementing anti-discrimination practices in society and workplace (Mayer Brown JSM, 2009)
Discrimination separates people on the basis of racial and ethnical differences, religious beliefs, gender, class and power, etc. To encounter this issue and eliminate it from their societies and workplaces, nations from all over the world have been devising their own anti-discrimination laws and practices (Wilson, 2012)
But for the last few decades; especially since late 1970s, China has seen significant changes in its urban mobility, employment practices, life styles and preferences, family structures, and the like. These changes have reshaped the way people behave in the society with their local residents and minorities (Yale Law School, 2008)
¶ … Courts in World Cultures -- a Report on China China Discrimination is one of the most critical issues of the present times. It refers to the societal practices and behaviors which deprive a certain group of people or minorities from enjoying equal rights in a society (Yang & Li, 2009)