An estimated one in 20 people will be incarcerated at some point in their lives if current rates continue. (Fix, 2001, p
Awareness, of course, is a problem both of education, which this article aims to enhance, and of assessment. (Labeau, 2003, p
This syndrome consists of three stages: the alarm stage, the resistance stage, and the exhaustion stage. (Tang & Hammontree, 1992, p
economy associated with job stress are currently estimated to be as large as $150 billion per year (Freudenheim 1987). (Theorell & Karasek, 1990, p
A person sentenced to probation has some sort of sentence suspended on the condition that the person stay out of legal trouble, pay fines and restitution, do community service or fulfill other conditions set by the court. If the probationer violates the conditions of his probation, he can be brought back into court and have some or all the suspended sentence imposed (Boyd, 2010)
Traditionally, jails have sought to control inmates' solely through physical containment, namely, hardware such as locks, steel doors, security glass, and alarm systems. The safety of the staff was believed to depend on preserving physical barriers between staff and inmates (Hutchinson, Keller and Reid, 2009)
During roughly the same time period, a shoemaker-philanthropist in Boston, named John Augustus, began the practice of bailing offenders out of court and assuming responsibility for them in the community. Regardless of whether the origins of probation are traced to judicial reprieve or to the work of John Augustus, it is clear that the guiding philosophy of probation was rehabilitation (Probation and Parole: History, Goals, and Decision-Making - Origins of Probation and Parole, 2010)
They often accommodate pretrial offenders, violent or dangerous inmates, or those who are thought to try and escape. They also treat inmates who have medical conditions that are serious or chronic (Martin, 2010)
There has also been some discussion around whether or not a market economy for prisons might also lead to a market demand for prisoners. While privatized prisons are very new, there has been a long custom of inmates in state and federal run prisons working in prison for low pay (McFarland, McGowan and O'Toole, 2002)
It was believed that this infliction of pain, especially in a public arena, acted as a deterrent to others who were thinking about committing similar crimes. Bits and pieces of this philosophy have found their way into the American justice system in that during the early years of prisons and punishment in this country, treatment of offenders was usually cruel (Summerfield, 2005)
Violent crimes, especially, grew dramatically in number at the very same time many of these reforms were being carried through, politicians in one way or nothing winning points with public by proving themselves "tough on crime." (Blumstein, 2004, p
In particular, Fry focused on creating prison conditions that were suited to the needs of inmates, or classes of inmates, as in her drive to improve the new women's prisons and provide care that was supposedly suited to the feminine character. (Cochrane, Melville & Marsh, 2004, p
Overcrowding has, in many cases, been alleviated, and numerous programs have been put in place that serve as alternatives to incarceration. (Diiulio, 1991, p
Motivated not by "malice or sadism" but by their own "ignorance and fear" corrections personnel succumb to the enormous pressures of the prison environment and do perhaps irreparable harm to themselves and those in their care. (Dolovich, 2005) Thus, the tug-of-war between the competing demands of the politicians' (and the public's) cry for a war on crime, and the needs of prisoners who either must be rehabilitated or punished creates an enormous pressure on those who must police and supervise America's prisons
Parole and probation programs were urged as necessary ways of rewarding prisoners for good behavior. (Keve, 1995, p
The cells are powder kegs for those prisoners who develop resentments against each other, or who harbor grievances against the system. (Stanko, Gillespie & Crews, 2004, p
History The institutional nature of the modern prison system owes much to the ideas of the pioneering criminologist, Beccaria, who placed a strong emphasis on what might be termed "act-egalitarianism," or the consideration of the criminality of acts, rather than of persons, a principle that led to the development of a system of incarceration, and either punishment or reform, that would apply equally to all persons who had committed the same offense, or kind of offense. (Whitman, 2003, p
The prison environment can facilitate neutralisations or cognitive disengagements that allow others to be divested of their human qualities. (Wortley, 2002, p
They somehow or another eventually leave the profession. Q: What is the most significant change that you have seen in corrections in the last several decades? A: Without a doubt the most significant change is in the number of inmates that are housed in our state's prisons (Franklin, 2006)
As a method of isolating these individuals, prisons are effective, however, as a method of rehabilitation I do not see that much is being done in this regard. Over my many years as a corrections officer I have seen far too many repeat offenders to believe that any rehabilitation has taken place (Ogloff, 2002)