The most common justifications for cloning fall under the categories of utility and autonomy. Utility arguments include the desire to make more of yourself in order to have a larger impact on the world, replacing a dead child with a genetic duplicate, making a clone to provide bone marrow or organs to an original person, or producing individuals with higher or lower mental capacities to perform designated tasks (Kilner 2002)
So far, these federal laws have had little success in passing primarily because the United States laws regarding reproduction respect autonomy and individual choice. "Law that would prevent the birth of a first clone are difficult because they traverse complex jurisprudential ground: protecting an as-yet nonexistent life against reproductive dangers, in a western world that, in statutory and case law at least, favors autonomy" (McGee 2011)
Both sides of the cloning conundrum have been guilty of using certain tactics to dismiss the observations of their enemy. This straw man technique is a tactic in which the views of the opponents are oversimplified and exaggerated so that the original point is distorted (Moore 2007)
In the years following that historical event, scientists have been able to artificially create exact duplicates of many smaller creatures like mice and cats (Human 2007). It must be acknowledged that this technology is still new and for every 100 successful cloning experiments, scientists are only able to produce one or two viable offspring (Touchette 2002)
These include mouse, rat, cow, goat, pig, rabbit, cat, dog, mule, horse, and deer. The process of cloning involves the transfer of a unit of complete genetic material (somatic cell nucleus) from a cell taken from an adult animal, into an ovum or egg that has had its nucleus removed (Campbell et al
Human Cloning The debate over human cloning generally assumes it's possible to safely clone a completely normal human being, and ignores the multitude of problems that routinely plague the process of cloning animals. The current definition of 'successful cloning' is the generation of a viable adult organism (Gurdon and Melton, 1811), a definition used rather loosely given the prevalence of defects that occur
In other words, an average of 50 to 100 eggs would have to be expended before a successful cloning event occurred. How many women would be willing to subject themselves to in vitro fertilization protocols to support a somatic cell nuclear transfer pregnancy, when the chance of success is between 1-2% (Gurdon and Melton, 1811)? The prevalence of first trimester miscarriages in cattle and sheep is between 50 and 70% (Palmieri et al
Cloning Charles Darwin believed that all organisms, including human beings, evolved from a single life form (Darwin 1982) and that each organism's traits varied and passed on from parent to offspring in an accidental, environmental and non-determined way called natural selection
But the duplication of the first sheep, Dolly, through the new technology, called cloning, in 1999 strongly hinted that human beings could and would be cloned next in another mad man's attempt to realize Hitler's dream. Even then, the market for human clones appeared broad and attractive, especially of human parts would be frozen and cloned only after a lapse years from the donor's death (Dixon 1995) to avoid moral, social and legal complications
But German Fuhrer Adolph Hitler believed that nature should not be allowed to proceed aimlessly (1996) but that a particular human stock, called the Aryan race, should be protected from infiltration by inferior strains (Mein Kampf 1933). He pointed to the contamination of the once-pure blood of the Aryans as the cause of the decay and fall of great civilizations in history and that only this race deserved to be cultivated and protected and had the right to endure (Hitler)
Scientists also hope to be able to use therapeutic cloning to repair or replace diseased and damaged parts of the human body. Further, scientists say that even if they are unable to solve the current safety issues in the technique such as stem cells turning cancerous (Coghlan, 2005), they will, at the least, be able to study how diseases develop by intentionally cloning a human embryo with a disease (the Associated Press, 2005)
The importance to biology of reproductive and therapeutic cloning differs significantly. For instance, therapeutic cloning, it is hoped, will lead to cures for fatal and debilitating diseases such as Alzheimer's, cancer, and diabetes based on cells harvested from cloned embryos (Friend, 2003)
DNA cloning is considered important to research work that is being done in areas such as genetic engineering of organisms, gene therapy, and sequencing genomes (Cloning, 2005). Although gene therapy can theoretically be used to treat certain genetic conditions, the introduction of corrected copies of faulty genes through virus vectors involves the risk of many side-effects such as toxicity and inflammation (Hanna, 2005)
DNA cloning is considered important to research work that is being done in areas such as genetic engineering of organisms, gene therapy, and sequencing genomes (Cloning, 2005). Although gene therapy can theoretically be used to treat certain genetic conditions, the introduction of corrected copies of faulty genes through virus vectors involves the risk of many side-effects such as toxicity and inflammation (Hanna, 2005)
; and 2) Article 3 - No person shall transfer a human somatic clone embryo, a human-animal amphimictic embryo, a human-animal hybrid embryo or a human-animal chimeric embryo into a uterus of a human or an animal. (Morioka, 1999) The primary characteristic of this bill was the prohibition placed on the 'transfer' of four specific types of embryos including a "human comatic clone embryo, into the uterus of a human or an animal
Cloning humans has been described by Israeli judicial, Jewish law and ethics publications (4-6) as an impending technology which must be prepared for in ethical, legal and social terms." (Weiler, 1998) Weiler states that the "nihilizaton of parenthood means the removal and eradication of elements relating to the traditional, recognized ontological or epistemological essences of human parenthood, apparently as a result of what seems to be the expansion and development of medical-scientific technology and knowledge
This is driven by huge commercial interests." (Dixon, 1993)There are various applications related to human cloning technology, which includes: 1) swapping of new genes for old; 2) Viruses used to reprogram cells; 3) Artificial insulin derived from genes; 4) Other cell reprogramming methods; and 5) embryo experiments
Policymakers can help to guide the learning process and ensure the formulation of sound public policy for cloning technology with an understanding of the potential uses, benefits and risks of reproductive and therapeutic cloning." (Johnson, 2002) Johnson relates that a total of seven U
Policymakers can help to guide the learning process and ensure the formulation of sound public policy for cloning technology with an understanding of the potential uses, benefits and risks of reproductive and therapeutic cloning." (Johnson, 2002) Johnson relates that a total of seven U
Policymakers can help to guide the learning process and ensure the formulation of sound public policy for cloning technology with an understanding of the potential uses, benefits and risks of reproductive and therapeutic cloning." (Johnson, 2002) Johnson relates that a total of seven U