Many children perform below the average, while adolescents have difficulty in making friends of the opposite sex. When they reach adulthood, it may especially be difficult for stutterers to establish intimate relationships (Klompas & Ross, 2004)
The second refers to the feelings one has when considering the discrepancy between how one sees oneself and one's true ideal. And such behaviors as assertiveness and resilience are components of behavioral aspects of self-esteem (Reasoner, n
Other researchers have found that stuttering experiences may lead to negative cognitive, affective, and behavioral reactions. Stuttering may influence the ability of these individuals to fully participate in daily activities and may negatively affect their general quality of life (Yaruss & Quesal, 2001)
. [children] may not have enough exposure to verbal experiences for their self-esteem to be adversely affected" (Yovetich, Leschied, & Flicht, 2000, pp
That is, the environment may worsen the condition and guided parental therapies may prevent stuttering from persistence into adulthood, while the root causes of stuttering should be investigated with the help of neuroscience. (Buchel & Sommer, 2004)
). These may include genetics, as most stutterers have a family member or two who also stutter; developmental anxieties, as children's rapid growth of cognitive, emotional, physical, social, and communication skills may overpressure them, sometimes leading to stuttering (this is also one of the reasons why stuttering mostly begins at the pre-school years); and environmental factors such as the stress and anxiety that children go through because of social events or parental expectations and attitudes (Duckworth, n
Available data from studies across the world shows that left-handers are more likely to be stutters than right-handers and male stutterers significantly outnumber females. Though generally the worldwide the sex ratio is 2 to 1 (Howell, Davis, & Williams, 2008), in a country like Canada there are four male stutterers to every female one ("Stuttering: Why and when," 1997)
Klaniczay specifically observed how so many stuttering children had troubling relationships with their mothers. Observation of these troubling mother-child relationships and attempts of children to overcome their frustration or sense of insecurity through clinging made Klaniczay conclude that "frustration of the need to cling to the mother was the underlying determinant in the development of stuttering" (Klaniczay, 2000, p
Available studies on the causes and treatment of stuttering suggest that stuttering is a complicated condition and that there may be different genetic and/or environmental reasons why children develop stuttering. A common definition of stuttering states that it is a "speech that is characterized by frequent repetition or prolongation of sounds or syllables or words, or by frequent hesitation or pauses that disrupt the rhythmic flow of speech" (Reddy & Sharma, 2010, p
) attention and support in order to master even basic tasks. This can empower the adults with a greater sense of empathy, and can also impact the stress level of family relationships; husbands and wives, siblings, and all who sometimes react by feeling that they have a greater emotional and physical burden (Heron) Special Needs" is an umbrella underneath which a staggering array of diagnoses can be wedged
Intellectual giftedness is a difference in learning and can also benefit from specialized teaching techniques or different educational programs, but the term "special education" is generally used to specifically indicate instruction of students whose special needs reduce their ability to learn independently or in a classroom. Developmentally, though these children often experience a wide range of developmental issues that sometimes have different levels of impact upon the family -- both nuclear and extended (Newacheck et
The extended family, however, is usually quite supportive and a great help to the parents. Of course, there are those who shun the special child -- who are embarassed, but by in large being a "part-time" parent is typically easier than the duties of a full-time special needs caregiver, again depending on the particular disability of function (Parker)
Neither role is easy, and requires not only a special kind of personality, but a different mindset and ability to separate behaviors from personality issues and redefine expectations. As professionals who work with special children, we must be sensitive and prepared to help these children and their families; this process starts by educating ourselves and educating parents in their roles, rights, obligations and resources for their children; in this way, the prognosis for a successful intervention will be even more positive (Paro, Olsen and Pinata; Overview and Information)
It has also been added that the morbidity and mortality rates in a few years may become higher as compared to the rates in the case of smokers. More than 80% of the children are predicted to be obese in their adulthoods as well (Ebbeling, Pawlak, and Ludwig, 2002, p
S. has now reached epidemic levels (Gortmaker, Peterson, Wiecha, Sobol, Dixit, Fox, and Laird, 1999, p
The researches have highlighted that greater the time children spend in watching TV, unhealthier the choices become in relation to the food being bought by the children. Thereby from here, it can be said that great roles are played by the television viewing on an increased rates of obesity seen in the American children (Hedley, Ogden, L
have been seen to advertise less healthy foods that include sodas and junk foods. 60 minute of physical activity is recommended to the children each day but in 2007, it was reported that only 18% of the children attended physical activity (Ludwig, Peterson, and Gortmaker, 2001, p
It has been reported by the American Association of Pediatrics that an average American child watches 40,000 fast foods advertisements in one year. The second important class of technology which has a strong correlation with the advertisement include great advancements in computer gaming and TV programs (Richard, and Williams, 2001, p
S. And the rates of TV viewing and video game playing (Robinson, 1999, p
Obesity Preventing Childhood Obesity Nina Davuluri of Syracuse, New York met with several dozen students at the Bell Elementary School in Tulsa, Oklahoma on June 6 to discuss her experiences with childhood obesity (Eger, 2014)