The authors studied 43 transplant patients and did follow-up studies on their condition after the transplants. These studies included "morphologic examination of bone marrow, assessment of hematopoietic chimerism with the use of short-tandem-repeat amplification, and HLA typing" (Vago, L
With this increased use of cell phones in cars there has been much concern on the effects it could have on driving performance. Even though several studies have come up with varying conclusion there has been common findings on this matter, generally, it has been reported that: use of cell phones distracts a driver; and causes many changes in behavior of drivers thereby negatively affecting traffic safety (Axiom Research Company, 15)
The use of cell phones distracts drivers in a number of ways. First and foremost, "drivers gets physically distracted since the driver will either use one or both hands when manipulating the phone, this means the driver will not concentrate on the physical tasks necessary while driving such as steering" (Kunreuther and Slovic, 271)
Despite of these, there are some benefits associated to the use of cell phones in cars especially as viewed by those involved in this behavior. Benefits to individuals include peace of mind of the drivers, fewer trips and shorter trip duration, expanded productive time, ease of contacting emergency services, and strengthening social networking (Redelmeier & Weinstein, 6)
A number of organizations concerned with safety are advocating for a complete ban on cell phone use in cars such as the National Safety Council in the United States. The National Transport Safety Board (NTSB) had also recommended that all the states should ban use of cell phones in cars in every form (Terlep)
Krause as principal researchers -- the program also utilizes the efforts of thirty additional faculty members. At the Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases (King's College) in London, UK, scientists are in the belief that cell transplantation in Parkinson's disease "…is feasible and leads to amelioration of motor functions with room for further improvement" (Gogel, et al
In the peer-reviewed Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, the authors assert that within the genre of clinical trials there are critical ethical issues that need to be addressed and resolved. While patients and other advocates are pressing to see that stem cell science continue "moving expeditiously," the authors assert that "caution is appropriate" due to the "risk of adverse events" (Lo, et al
Where is the current research being done on Parkinson's disease? In Hiroshima, Japan, at the Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics in the Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, researchers are experimenting with embryonic stem cells from mice in an effort to make progress on a therapy for Parkinson's. In the Journal of Neurochemistry the authors explain that the mice embryonic stem cells (ES) showed the "fundamental characteristics consistent with dopaminergic neurons," but the model neurons (ES cell-driven) also showed "increased susceptibility to oxidative stress, proteasome inhibition, and mitochondrial inhibition" (Yamashita, 2006, p
There are two opposing viewpoints when it comes to stem cell research. The strongest opposition is the use of embryonic stem cells for research (Cahill, 2001)
There are many legal and ethical questions that surround stem cell research. Whether or not it should be legal is a major concern of some people (Friedrich, 2000)
Many supporters believe research should be allowed to continue on embryonic stem cells, and that they should be able to be created for the sole purpose of research. In stem cell research, embryonic cells are used (Moran, 2003)
However, state funds are the wrong way to go about funding this research, as the responsibility for funding falls to taxpayers. To fund the initiative, the state will sell up to $3 billion in general obligation bonds (Somers, 2004)
Embryonic Stem Cell Research In November 1998, two research groups independently announced that they had isolated human stem cells from embryonic tissues, had cultivated the cells, and shown these cells could develop into all three basic layers of cells in the human embryo (Lysaught 1999)
Other possibilities include "the treatment of spinal cord injury, stroke, burns, arthritis, muscular dystrophy, kidney disease, liver disease, and macular degeneration" (Lysaught 1999). Embryonic stem cells form at a very early stage in human development and remain in an undifferentiated state for a brief period (Wright 1999)
These cells are considered to be totipotent because they rise to a complete individual, and when the inner cell mass cells are cultured in a dish, they are called embryonic stem cells (Wright 1999). Up until the formation of the primitive streak, which will develop into the spinal cord, and cell differentiation, which occurs about fourteen days after fertilization, the developing embryo can cleave naturally or artificially, resulting in the production of identical siblings, therefore, embryonic cells that are still part of the inner cell mass are described as totipotent because they can give rise to new organisms (McCartney 2002)
The 2003 Hastings Case Report discussed several issues concerning stem cell research. One concern pointed out was that for biological reasons alone, stem cell-based therapies might not be available for every patient who could benefit, and depending on how the issue is addressed, might ultimately benefit primarily white Americans (Gearhart 2003)
The report cautions that unless the problem of biological access is carefully addressed, an American stem cell bank might end up benefiting primarily white Americans, to the relative exclusion of the rest of the population (Gearhart 2003). Under the terms of Canada's proposed Assisted Human Reproduction Act outlined in September 22, 2003 issue of Health Law Review, it is not ethically acceptable to create human embryos specifically for research purposes, although "in cases where human embryos are created for reproductive purposes, and subsequently are no longer required for such purposes research involving human embryos may be considered to be ethically acceptable" if they meet certain criteria outlined in the bill (Knoppers 2003)
Under the terms of Canada's proposed Assisted Human Reproduction Act outlined in September 22, 2003 issue of Health Law Review, it is not ethically acceptable to create human embryos specifically for research purposes, although "in cases where human embryos are created for reproductive purposes, and subsequently are no longer required for such purposes research involving human embryos may be considered to be ethically acceptable" if they meet certain criteria outlined in the bill (Knoppers 2003). In November 2004, the United States and other opponents of human cloning shelved their bid for a United Nations treaty to ban the controversial procedure due to opposition by nations seeking to allow cloning from embryonic stem cell research (Wadhams 2004)
Moreover, the Bush reelection campaign attempted to get its hands on the membership directories of 1,600 churches in "the swing state of Pennsylvania"; this provoked a controversy because it "violated campaign finance and tax laws" that require congregations to remain non-partisan if they truly expect to retain their tax-exempt status. It became clear by 2004-2005 that a majority of American supported embryonic stem cell research; according to a poll in 2005 "…two-thirds of Americans approved of the research" (Burgin, 2009, p
And hence, the main moral objection to embryonic stem cell research "…is therefore eliminated" (Montague, 319). What Successes have Stem Cells Researchers Achieved Thus Far? A story in the peer-reviewed journal Lancet points to two "legally blind women" who have "appeared to gain some vision" after they have received embryonic stem cells in an experimental treatment (Chang, 2012, p