By virtue, one can say that the ability of adults to make decisions has deeper history on the development of their psychological learning (Besley, 2009). A psychological learning environment by definition refers to that situation where the learner and the person teaching are in an environment conducive for teaching (Barkway, 2009)
(1928) and his Ph.D. (1931) from Teachers College University (Rothman, M
Rogers wrote over 100 books and scholarly articles on humanistic psychology and won numerous awards and honors, including a nomination for the Nobel Prize. Politically, his views were leftist and progressive, and he was an outspoken opponent of McCarthyism in the 1950s, although at the same time he did classified research for the CIA's MK Ultra program (Demanchick and Kirschenbaum 2008)
Even at this point, Rogers was developing his humanistic and client-centered approach based on the psychotherapeutic model of Otto Rank. His second book, Counseling and Psychotherapy (1942), Rogers began to express doubt that the standard theoretical model of Freudian analysis, including its rigid stages of development, and decided that the best method of treating patients was simply to listen to them with patience and understanding and let them determine their own course and speed of treatment (Kramer 1995)
His next books, Client-Centered Therapy (1951) and Psychotherapy and Personality Change (1954), were based on the results he achieved with students using this approach. When he was at the University of Wisconsin in 1957-63, he wrote his most famous book, On Becoming a Person (1961), in which he argued that the best type of psychotherapy relied on "the client for the direction of movement" (Rogers 1961)
His next books, Client-Centered Therapy (1951) and Psychotherapy and Personality Change (1954), were based on the results he achieved with students using this approach. When he was at the University of Wisconsin in 1957-63, he wrote his most famous book, On Becoming a Person (1961), in which he argued that the best type of psychotherapy relied on "the client for the direction of movement" (Rogers 1961)
All self-concepts develop as a result of the interaction with the person and their environment, as well as other individuals. To be human was to experience, and they only way to understand behavior was to get inside the personal experiences and perceptions of the client or learner (Snygg and Combs 1949)
(7) The ability to perceive and live a "rich full life" in which the individual is fully capable of appreciating the positives, acknowledging and dealing appropriately with the negatives, and making the most positive contributions possible to his or her life as well as to the lives of others (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 2007). Rogers' Concept of Psychological Congruity and Incongruity Rogers also contributed the concept of psychological congruity and incongruity in connection with the consistency between the internal reality perceived by the individual and objective reality (Branden, 2007)
Carl Rogers Theory of Personality Introduction to the Personality Theory of Carl Rogers Twentieth Century psychologists Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was a founder of the Humanistic approach to human psychology (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2008)
However, whereas other schools of psychology defined the process of psychological growth in terms of chronological stages of development, Rogers suggested principles of self-actualization that were not linked directly to chronological age in the manner of some of his contemporaries in other schools of psychology (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2008; McWilliams, 2004). Two of the most important elements of Rogers' contribution to the field of client-centered psychology are his nineteen fundamental propositions through which he defined the progressive psychological development of the individuals and his list of seven behavioral characteristics that define both the process and the specific stages of self-actualization (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 2007)
Moon sums up the Rogers approach to clients by saying that Rogers first views the conditions vis-a-vis the client and Rogers does not impose "assessments or techniques" but rather trusts the client's "ability and right to self-determination" while joining forces with the client to help him or her up out of the stagnation. As for Kabat-Zinn, in an interview (Cochran, 2004) he insists he does not want people following him, but rather, he wants them "following themselves" -- and doing it "mindfully
In other words, with the Kabat-Zinn approach, clients are schooled on how to go it alone. Kabat-Zinn developed his mindfulness strategy about thirty years ago while working at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center (Elias, 2009)
Kabat-Zinn developed his mindfulness strategy about thirty years ago while working at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center (Elias, 2009). In Kabat-Zinn's book, Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness Meditation in Everyday Life (1994) the author describes mindfulness as having to do with "examining who we are, and with questioning our view of the world and our place in it, and with cultivating some appreciation for the fullness of each moment we are alive" (Kabat-Zinn, p
A good question to ask in the sense of referencing Rogers' work in this paper is: What are the best strategies for a psychotherapist to follow in terms of integrating warmth and compassion as successful interventions into deliberately humanistic psychotherapy sessions? Renowned psychologist Rogers advocated "person-centered" (also known as "client-centered") therapy as a way to help the client solve problems and come to his or her own solutions. For example, Rogers wrote that "Rather than serving as a mirror, the therapist becomes a companion to the client as the latter searches through a tangled forest in the dead of night" (Knight 2007 p
Further, those participants who chose to speak about their experiences noted that they were "more hopeful about their future and experienced less guilt than detainees in the comparison group" (Sumter). Referring back to Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy, an article in the Journal of Counseling and Development (Moon
Jon Kabat-Zinn meanwhile has put forward a quite different kind of therapy called "mindfulness-based" stress reduction -- which is achieved through meditation. Quite apart from Rogers' approach, in which the therapist becomes close friends with -- and works together with the client -- the Kabat-Zinn therapy taps into the benefits of "…physiological, physical and spiritual benefits" of meditation (Sumter, et al
159). Although he acknowledged the basic tenets of psychology advanced by other theorists such as Sigmund Freud in terms of their value in counseling (DeCarvalho 1991), when it was introduced, Rogers's person-centered theory differed from these and other existing psychological theories in some important ways
The phenomenological approach developed by Rogers maintains that "Humans are not helplessly buffeted about by forces beyond their control, whether these forces be from their unconscious minds or from their environments. An essential fact of humanness in the view of theorists from the phenomenological approach is that individual persons have free will to determine their own course in life, and that this course will be based on their own subjective experiences" (Demorest 2005, p
15). Based on his person-centered approach to counseling, Rogers maintained that, "The correct therapeutic response was to trust that the energy or drive towards self-actualization was still present in the client, and [to] encourage this to re-emerge via a particular sort of psychotherapeutic relationship" (Robson 2003, p
280). The need to respond and adapt to changing circumstances over the lifespan is reflected in Erikson's eight-stage framework in which he suggests that various crises must be resolved in order to fully develop a healthy identity, and these crises tend to change over time as people mature (Schneider-Munoz 2009)