Therefore, a tumor is a result of a process starting in its individual host and ending with either its elimination or the host's death. Two recent studies suggest however, that tumor cells can act like infectious agents by moving from one host to another (Murgia, et al
The chromosomes are the distinct arrangements of the DNA in the human cell and they are 46 of them. There is pair arrangement of the chromosomes characterized by each biological parent giving 23 chromosomes (Pelengaris et al
e. instability at the nucleotide level and that at the chromosomal level (Perera & Bapat, 2007)
Whereas mucus is produced and released by the normal secretory cells, these characteristics may be lost in the cancer cells. Similarly large quantities of keratin is contained in the epithelial cells, this protein may not be accumulated in the cytoplasm of the skin cancer cells (Weinberg, 2006, p
Transcriptional targeting addresses the level of gene expression. This, in turn, can be controlled by appropriate promoter/enhancer elements pertaining to the targeted cells (Abaan & Criss)
And Europe, are currently being undertaken, questions will remain un-answered for many years (Ross). MicroRNAs Predict Status in Breast Cancer Receptors of phenotypically diverse tumors in breast cancer have been shown to change while the disease progresses and in response to therapy (Lowery et al
Findings will update current knowledge on the prognosis of breast cancer and therapeutic options, specifically gene therapy. A Step Ahead in Breast Cancer Prognosis The American Cancer Society reported that in 2009 alone, approximately 192,000 cases were diagnosed of breast cancer and of which 40,610 died (Ma & Kosorok, 2010)
This new method is a useful alternative to existing methods, which can lead to new and significant insights into breast cancer prognosis (Ma & Kosorok). Multi-gene Predictors Genome profiling has vastly enlarged the knowledge of genes and genetic pathways associated with the development and progression of breast cancer (Ross, 2008)
Since there is high probability of cancer cells invading the neighboring tissues of body parts, early detection and careful treatment of cancer is deemed absolutely necessary. The treatment is not only costly but involves multi-stage radiation treatments (Castro, 2001)
The post-treatment drug will help heal the body tissues that have undergone radiation and increase the recovery process halted by other health issues or sensitivities such as allergies and viruses caught in post-treatment phase. Treatment evaluation is also an important part of cancer treatment (Elwyn, et al
body, soul, and spirit resulting in improved quality of life, patient satisfaction, and symptom control. This approach is suitable and most effective because it not only focuses on treating the symptoms of the disease but it also takes into account the mental and social factors affecting the person (Barraclough, 2002)
As a result of the different kinds of this disease, cancer has many causes including obesity, excessive exposure to sunlight, drinking excess alcohol, viruses, radiation, genetic problems, and environmental toxins. Despite of this, the cause of several cancers is still unknown even though the most common cause of deaths related to cancer is lung cancer (Dugdale & Zieve, 2010)
However, sigmoidoscopy cannot look at the entire large intestine, and a thorough evaluation requires a colonoscopy, or examination of the entire large intestine. If polyps are found, they then must be removed and checked for the presence of cancer (Nuovo, 2001)
Recently, researchers have discovered that C-reactive protein, or CRP, found during blood tests, is a risk factor for colon cancer. CRP was previously associated with heart disease (Seppa, 2004)
The identification of BRCA1 and BRCA2 was thought to hold the keys to identifying those women who had those genes as possible breast cancer victims. But with the "rapid expansion of next-generation DNA sequencing," scientists have learned that there are perhaps "dozens" of additional genes that could be linked to breast cancer (Kean, 2014, p
The stated goal of palliative sedation is "to alleviate suffering, not shorten life." (Eldridge, 2009) According to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality "In patients with lung cancer who have pain unresponsive to standard methods of pain control, referral to a specialized pain clinic or palliative care consultant is recommended
When this effort isn't enough, palliative sedation may be an option. " (Morrow, 2009, p
Palliative Care The work of McNeil (2010) reports a new study that emphasizes the impact of end-of-life care in which doctors found that patients "with terminal lung cancer who began receiving palliative care immediately upon diagnosis not only were happier, more mobile and in less pain as the end neared -- but they also lived nearly three months longer." (McNeil, 2010, p
Breast Cancer Immunization The need for increased breast cancer screening: New Zealand The incidence of breast cancer in New Zealand is comparable to that of the rest of the developed world. After skin cancer, it is the most commonly-diagnosed and most common cause of death of women from cancer (Cunningham, Shaw & Sarfati 2010:2)
Recent data suggests that rapidly-spreading cancer is increasing amongst women under the age of 39 and is particularly deadly for this group because it is so rapidly-spreading. "While the five-year survival rate for breast cancer that has not spread is 93%, for women 39 and under whose cancer has spread, it's only 31%" (Fox 2013)