Bacterial infections are caused by bacteria and viral infections are caused by viruses. The major difference between the two is that antibiotic medication is an effective way to kill bacterial infections, but there is no medication which will kill a viral infection (Steckelberg 2009)
Since recorded history, countries have utilized bacteria as a viable weapon, often stronger than bows and arrows or swords. It was recorded that when the Black Plague hit Europe, armies would send in plague-infected people to enemy territories so that their foes could get the disease (Wheelis 2002)
"pathogen contamination is the second leading cause for placing surface waters on the 1998 303(d) list of impairments, second only to sediments." (Kern, et al
Many of these techniques have been tested in a limited number of watersheds and with a limited number of possible sources." (Bernstein, Griffith, and Weisberg, 2002) the following figure lists the two-way classification of some of the tracking methods that are widely used which focus on genotypes or phenotypic characteristics and their relative dependence on a background library or database of genotypic or phenotypic characteristics
Additionally, it is hoped that the identification of the "primary sources of fecal contamination may help to refine estimates of the human health risk posed by various sources of fecal contamination." (Soule, Loge, and Gay, 2007) There have been various markers proposed for MST which are classified broadly as either 'library-dependent' methods or library independent methods
(Soule, Loge, and Gay, 2007) PART THREE Background on TMDL Including Components and Calculation and Various Environmental Issues Needing Considerations in Calculating TMDL The work of Hagedorn (2001) entitled: "Bacterial Source Tracking Methodology (BST) (2001) Crop and Soil Environmental News March update states that BST is needed in every TMDL project "that contains impairments due to fecal bacteria." (Hagedorn, 2001) it is reported that a TMDL project was performed by Federal and state on the Cottonwood Creek watershed in Idaho, "without including a source-tracking component
Gram Stain Bacteria Identification Following standard procedure for Gram staining, a slide was prepared by heat fixing the sample and applying the primary crystal violet stain (Bruckner, 2012)
The bacteria were arranged in a hash-mark pattern noticeable in larger gatherings of cells, though definition of these groups and of individual bacteria was not especially high. Endospore Stain A sample slide was prepared and heat fixed, then placed on wire gauze in a ring stand and absorbent paper laid directly on the sample (Rossbach, 2012)
As noted above, the colonies tended to form in a hash-mark pattern, with individual rods or "drumsticks" lying on top of each other at near-right angles, and though sizes varied from sample to sample based on the staining procedures it seemed likely that colonies could form in quite large groups in this manner, perhaps indefinitely large given the proper growth medium. All of these results, from the Gram-positive nature of the bacteria to the appearance of endospores to the shape and arrangement of the bacteria and their colonies, lead to a very likely identification of the bacteria in the sample as Clostridium tetani, the bacteria responsible for releasing the neurotoxin tetanospasmin, responsible for the central nervous condition commonly known as tetanus (Unrein, 2008)
Salmonella bacteria are known to cause disease in humans, animals, and birds throughout the world. The major diseases caused by Salmonella are gastroenteritis and typhoid fever (Davis, 2010)
No microorganisms were detected in high temperatures or in soils with pH lesser than 4.6. (Evans et al
Nodules also have a symbiotic relationship with legume species and can increase its protein content which has important dietary implications. (Graham & Caroll, 2003) In most countries, legumes, such as soybeans, are grown towards the end of the growing season, which is after when corn and rice have been seeded
The temperature and pH can vary slightly for different strains of rhizobia. (Jenny, 2005) This effect of temperature and soil pH was analyzed in a study conducted on the legume specie PisumSavitum that was inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarumbv
The nodules did not increase in size at an inoculation of 102 cells mL-1 but at higher concentrations, there was a direct effect on the number and size of nodules. (Miao et al
Tetracycline works by prevention of growth and development of bacteria in attacking the body mechanisms. Some of the considerable side effects of Tetracycline Antibiotics are diarrhea, stomach upset or pain, change in skin color, itching around the mouth, and redness of the skin or sunburns (Henneman, 2012)
Bacteria Effect of date extract on different types of bacteria Taxonomy of date Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Liliopsida Order: Arecales Family: Arecaceae Genus: Phoenix Species: Phoenix dactylifera Binomial mane: Phoenix dactylifera Linn (Bostoen 2005) Botanical Descriptions The date palm is known in technical terms by its botanical name Phoenix dactylifera
The composition of the dates extract when segregated yields the following elements. (Bringeus 2003) Inorganic constituents of dates (mg / 100 g dry weight) Element Halawy Sayer Potassium Sodium 37
0 to 4.2mg/ml concentrations of the date extract has the potency to respectively inhibit superoxide and hydroxyl radicals (Dandamayev 2002)
At a minimum the date extract depending on the ripeness of the fruit contains six vitamins and a small plunge of vitamin C, and vitamins B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), nicotinic acid (niacin) and vitamin A the date extract also have the traces of the natural enzymes in there isolated forms including phytase, invertase and peroxidase. The indications for the presence of ?-amirin, triterpenoids saponins and a crude gonadotropic substance have also been reported on the basis of the ripeness of the fruit from which the extract has been yielded (Kapp 1994)
In vitro effects of the date extracts
The measure in g/mlcrude acetone extracts of date palm pit on quantity basis of 100 and 1000 indicated an in fluxing, powerful and quantity / dose dependent capacity of the date extract to naturally inhibit the infectiveness and disease causing aspect of the of Pseudomonas phage ATCC 14209-B1 to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, this action of the date extract is executed by means of binding to the phage, with the required minimum inhibiting concentration (MIC) of approximately about