These theories were to lead to numerous clinical trials in the 1950 and 60s, which tended to establish the view that empathic client - therapist alliances resulted in better results and outcomes. (Horvath, 2001)
Secondly, the client is encouraged to cooperate and even collaborate with the therapist in the process of therapy. (Luborsky, 1976) This type of alliance would then lead to a form of shared commitment from both client and therapist, which would have the best chance of positive therapeutic outcomes
Secondly, the client is encouraged to cooperate and even collaborate with the therapist in the process of therapy. (Luborsky, 1976) This type of alliance would then lead to a form of shared commitment from both client and therapist, which would have the best chance of positive therapeutic outcomes
. can run their normal course only if the participants are familiar with certain ground rules, including the purpose of the enterprise and the roles to be played by the participants" (Orne and Wender,1968, p
The therapeutic alliance was seen in many instances as being in itself therapeutic. (Rogers 1957)
Other research even goes as far as to assert that therapeutic alliance is in fact more important than the types of treatment used in theory. (Safran and Muran, 1996) Therapeutic alliance has become so important to therapy that it has even been referred to as the"
In 1934, Sterba defined alliance as the relationship between the reasonable aspects of both the therapist and the client. (Sterba, 1934) Therefore, in order to enable positive outcomes and retention, the client's ego "
In his innovative books on attachment and loss, Bowlby said that attachment ties have four essential characteristics: closeness preservation, disconnection anxiety, secure refuge or receding to caregiver when suspecting danger, and protected base or examination of the world knowing that the attachment figure will guard the person from hazard. Attachment associations develop throughout the first two years of life, but most significantly these early on attachment associations go beyond with a time of important neurological expansion of the brain (Sonkin, 2005)
The infant also develops through the mother a capacity to process emotional states. The baby is also able to process the mother's psychological state (Allen, Fonagy & Bateman 2010)
This type of selective processing is known as bias, and its function is to help the individual off re-experiencing the past distress. Conversely, persons who are securely attached are thought to openly process all manner of attachment related information, including those that are negative (Bretherton, 1992)
This internalizing process begins early in life and provides the baby with a script or a prototype of how people behave, feel and think in close relationships. Observations during the Strange Situation procedure revealed that there were 3 different attachment categories inferred in infants, 1) secure attachment, 2) insecure-avoidant attachment, 3) insecure-ambivalent attachment (Colmer, Rutherford & Pam, 2011)
Children are at times frightened by their own feelings and need to understand that the adults caring for them will help them even through their big emotions. A child who is securely attached is likely to enjoy interactions and friendships with others and explore the world away from their primary caregivers for longer periods of time (Davies, 2006)
They also learn how to manage feelings. Once learned children carry these models of relationships to their adulthood (Dolby, 2003)
Attachment is at times not reciprocal, in other words it may not be shared between the two. Attachment is characterized especially in children by specific behaviour, whereby a child seeks proximity with the individual to whom they are attached when they are threatened or upset (McLeod, 2009)
g. comfort or attention) and thus learn to repeat those behaviours through operant conditioning so as to get what they want (O'Gorman, 2012; Vandevivere, Braet, Bosmans, Mueller & De Raedt, 2014)
A mother needs to separate her own affective states from what the baby is feeling and to be aware of her own alteric and mimetic aspects in the transitional space (Rytovaara, 2014). The search for security and protection is in-born and every infant begins life by trying to find protection in maternal figure (Panksepp and Lotti, 2004)
The two found a pattern in the development of attachment. The evidence of the development of an attachment or a bond was that the babies showed some sort of separation anxiety each time a carer left (Prior & Glaser, 2006; McLeod, 2009)
The baby is also able to process the mother's psychological state (Allen, Fonagy & Bateman 2010). A mother needs to separate her own affective states from what the baby is feeling and to be aware of her own alteric and mimetic aspects in the transitional space (Rytovaara, 2014)
This theory also argues that there exists a critical period for developing an attachment and that is between the age of 0-5 years. If an attachment is not formed by the end of this period, the child will suffer irreversible developmental consequences including increased aggression and reduced intelligence (Vandevivere et al
Besides being conservative and strict, Don also acknowledged his children's thoughts and feelings, giving rise to a close, stable interfamilial bond. Often, marriage is believed to positively impact a couples' life; however, if it ends in separation or divorce, the people involved face adverse consequences in their life (Fagan & Rector 2000)