com website, the health benefits for anyone taking omega-3 -- including athletes -- include first of all "heart health." Taking omega-3 is a way of reducing cholesterol levels, lowering blood pressure, and reducing the risk of heart attacks (Wong, 2013)
267) Previous research reported by three large multi-institutional studies is stated to indicate that college athletes are significantly more likely to have binge drank in the past 2 weeks than are nonathletes, with approximately 60% of male and 50% of female college athletes self-reporting binge drinking behavior." (Brenner and Swanik, 2007, p
2) In the 1890s the Oxford boat-race crew was allowed to consume a glass of draught beer or claret and water with lunch however, by 1888, Montague Shearman "leaned towards the increasing trans-Atlantic tendency to adopt the 'system of training upon water alone, and taking no alcohol in any shape during training'." (Vamplew, 2007, p
Supplements for Athletes Ripped Fuel © is a weight loss supplement used widely by individuals who are trying to improve their physical and athletic performance (Brown)
Anderson)." The insistence by schools on the maintenance of previous GPA's can actually have a negative impact on the student's efforts to perform academically (Nuhn, 1991)
Thus positive ergogenic effects of creatine have been displayed in repeated bouts of high-intensity cycling (Greenhaff et al., 1994), running (Aaserud et al
If creatine supplements for taken for high intensity work of shorter duration and no element of fatigue was found, then the supplements did not improvement performance. But when its effects were tested on series of performance events, and element of fatigue was present, the creatine appeared to improve strength, (Balsom et al
, 1998), swimming (Peyrebrune et al., 1998) and vertical jumping (Bosco et al
So when creatine is used, this deterioration can be stalled. Thus positive ergogenic effects of creatine have been displayed in repeated bouts of high-intensity cycling (Greenhaff et al
Thus positive ergogenic effects of creatine have been displayed in repeated bouts of high-intensity cycling (Greenhaff et al., 1994), running (Aaserud et al., 1998), swimming (Peyrebrune et al
While it may be easy to understand why college sports programs would have a vested interest in making sure that players are not receiving gifts or financial compensation for playing at certain schools, when one considers coach compensation this rationalization becomes a little more difficult. Where college athletes receive no compensation for playing other than their education and occasionally a scholarship (things that are also available to all those students not playing sports), coaches can receive upwards of $1 million, with some receiving twice that (Byers, 1997, p
Literature Review The issue of paying college athletes has existed practically since the inception of national college sports, and the suspicion that compensation might somehow corrupt the sport is almost built into its history. Specifically, early college sports organizations were careful to stipulate that all players be amateurs, meaning, in the words of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, that a player must be "one who participates in competitive physical sports only for the pleasure and the physical, mental, moral, and social benefits directly derived therefrom" (Freedman, 2002, p
Some critics have suggested that the difference between amateur and professional is an imaginary one, because student athletes are already effectively treated like employees. In fact, according to a study published in the Washington Law Review, student athletes' "daily burdens and obligations not only meet the legal standard of employee, but far exceed the burdens and obligations of most university employees" (McCormick & McCormick, 2006, p
College Athlete Pay The question of payment for college athletes may seem trivial at first glance, when one considers the variety of other, seemingly more pressing issues facing universities today, but upon closer examination it becomes clear that the question of whether or not college athletes should be payed for playing actually cuts to the heart of budget crises plaguing so many American universities. For example, according to Forbes magazine, in 2011 the University of Texas Longhorns football team brought in $129 million dollars for the school, a not insubstantial amount considering that so many universities are being forced to reduce their budgets (Smith, 2011)
On the other end of the spectrum, NCAA investigations have turned up instances of clear wrong-doing, where students were given definitively unethical financial assistance in return for playing. For example, in 2005 Arizona State University was placed on probation after it was discovered that over sixty athletes had received improper financial aid benefits, as well as cash from selling textbooks improperly given to them (Wolverton, 2005)
College athletes deserve to reap more of the benefits their athletic contributions are bringing to their schools. Some critics point out that only some sports like basketball and football earn the sky-high revenues for the NCAA, and if football players receive a paycheck then it hurts the volleyball and tennis players at those schools (Korman)
Any corporate sponsorship of college sports or its players is funneled directly into the schools and the businesses that support their athletic departments -- and not to the students. Yet the NCAA expressly prohibits colleges and universities from paying their students anything beyond the official scholarship finds they provide (Meshefejian)
They do not need the kind of win that brings on a soiled character (Will). An analysis of 26 pills from eight manufacturers showed that their ingredients fell below the recommended range for ethical drugs (Brunk 2000)
Green added that potential adverse effects of the drugs included prostate cancer, cardiovascular disease, reduced HDL and cardiac arrhythmias (Brunk). The General Medical Council warned doctors that they would be deleted from the medical register if they prescribed performance-enhancing drugs to athletes (Laurance 2000)
, but they are available over the counter in other countries (Encyclopedia of Childhood and Adolescence). The American College of Sports Medicine observed that the use of anabolic steroids had gone up in the last decade (Rose 2000)