Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and some machines." (McCarthy, 2007) Artificial Intelligence often referred to as 'AI' is stated to be "
This agent is capable of learning and remembering events and any related information such as corresponding procedures, stimuli and their emotional valences." (Faghihi, et al
Calverley (2005) laid the ground work for this radical change when he established a legal basis for non-biological machines to become legal persons. He analyzed the doctrine of intentionality, arguing that if a non-biological machine can form an intention and can act intentionally based on that intention, there was "no theoretical reason why it could not be viewed as a legal person by the average lay person applying common sense" (Calverley, 2005, p
With their legal status resolved, it remained only to define AIs' rights under the Constitution. To that end, the following Bill of Rights was proposed: Amendment A Protects the AIs' right to practice any religion they want to, or no religion at all, to speak freely, to meet with others, to communicate with the government (Kash, 2011)
53). The "growing problem" referred to by Lohr concerned the need for better collaboration among software engineering teams and improved ways to allocate resources where they would do the most good (Karn & Cowling, 2008)
1). Today, the majority of computer programming languages include the ability for software engineers to reuse source and executable code; this process, though, ultimately leads to the question: "Just where does reuse start? Opportunistic reuse of code might be better described as salvaging or carrying code over from one application to another, whereas true reuse implies some conscious design of the module-design-code for reuse in the first place" (Sutcliffe, 2002, p
In conclusion, artificial intelligence and machine thinking is on the horizon, and will reshape the way humans live their lives. (Hayden, 2011) These machines will serve many duties, and will be able to provide human-like aid to many millions who need it
Machines will indeed gain conscious awareness in the future, and may even be capable of near-human-like thought. (Lohr, 2012) Machines will never think in the same way as humans, however, and will have a completely different way of thinking that may be difficult to understand in the present time
This was exactly why Turing had developed his test -- any other attempt to define intelligence seemed to run into problems. The AI specialists did not even get excited about the win, because the computer "which put custom chips inside a machine," was seen as a type of idiot savant that was able to play a good game of chess without an understanding of why it did what it did (Gershenfeld, 1999, p130)
Fatmi and Young define intelligence as "that faculty of mind by which order is perceived in a situation previously considered disordered. Another definition states that something intelligent should be able to improve its own processes (Martin, 2000, 46)
The following year, Newell, Shaw and Simon noted, "There are now in the world machines that think, that learn and that create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until -- in a visible future -- the range of problems they can handle will be co-extensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied (Simon, p
However, there are drawbacks and programming computers to understand the natural language has proven to be difficult. (Bongard, Lungarella, and Lida) Bringing the artificial intelligence debate into the context of how it will be used in the United States in the next decade and whether it will be the next big thing for the country is a question that comes into many people's minds
The degree of intelligence in people, animals and in machines differs significantly. (Hawkins and Blakeslee) Artificial intelligence is the intelligence which is solely dedicated to machines
The intelligent agents are required to set particular targets and consequently be able to achieve those targets as well. (Jones) Machine learning is also central to this field of study
The ability to analyse visual input is called computer vision for example. (Russell) A machine must also be socially intelligent just like the human
It was Turing's suggestion along with several discoveries that took place in the fields of neurology, information theory and cybernetics that paved a way for the building of an actual electronic brain. (Scheier and Pfeifer) Research in the field of artificial intelligence started in 1956
Artificial Intelligence & Data Warehouses Artificial Intelligence and Data Warehousing As the complexity and structure of databases grows as a result of enterprise-class data warehouses being able to interpret and use unstructured content (Doan, Halevy, 2005) there is a corresponding need for building linguistic models out of semantic data using artificial intelligence (AI) (Fortuna, Mohorcic, 2009)
Just as AI is significantly changing how data warehousing is being used as a strategic resource in companies, it is also fundamentally changing the nature of business today. Most significantly, the use of LSI technologies to create more effective insights into how to improve customer service as evidenced by the use of AI was part of Decision Support Systems (DSS) (Phillips-Wren, Mora, Forgionne, Gupta, 2009) is growing
Most significantly, the use of LSI technologies to create more effective insights into how to improve customer service as evidenced by the use of AI was part of Decision Support Systems (DSS) (Phillips-Wren, Mora, Forgionne, Gupta, 2009) is growing. Second, the creation of ontological databases that aligns to person's roles (Pinto, Marques, Santos, 2009) is also now possible
If machines become capable of these same decision-making processes and understandings, they would logically require personhood, unless of course the idea of freewill in humans is abandoned or modified. Perhaps with a better understanding of how the human mind works, adapts, and makes decisions, scientists can begin to better understand whether or not freewill is truly built into the human brain or if it is an illusion made up of tiny micro-decisions and algorithms that relate back to a person's genetic makeup, past experiences, and environmental considerations (Bostrom, 2009)