The other available option is to ask the client or patient to draw a picture which can be studied by the professionals. Then, there are three main approaches of art therapy, Analytical art therapy, art psychotherapy and then the art therapists (Hogan, 2001)
They are the well-known historical art therapy professionals who have written and forwarded their knowledge and still their ideas are being practiced in the contemporary periods (Case and Dalley, 2003). Starting with the first literature master, this paper will give an overview of the whole period briefly as: Naumbarg is stated as the mother of the art therapy as she is the primary founder of American art therapy (Junge & Asawa, 1994, p
People followed certain approaches and have been following them still in the present age and are as follows: Psychodynamic Approaches Levick (1983), Kramer, Ulman, Wilson and Rubin (Rubin, 1987/2001) used psychoanalytical languages and also some other related concepts. New interpretations such as that of Klein (Weir, 1990) help the innovators a lot to enhance their concepts regarding self-psychology (Lachman-Chapin, 1999) and relating objects theory (Robbins, 1976)
Everyone is running to embody his mental health for which art therapy is considered to be the best solution. History of Art Therapy Art therapy is as old as the human society's existence, and has just changed its form (Malchiodi, 1998) and is still changing it
People followed certain approaches and have been following them still in the present age and are as follows: Psychodynamic Approaches Levick (1983), Kramer, Ulman, Wilson and Rubin (Rubin, 1987/2001) used psychoanalytical languages and also some other related concepts. New interpretations such as that of Klein (Weir, 1990) help the innovators a lot to enhance their concepts regarding self-psychology (Lachman-Chapin, 1999) and relating objects theory (Robbins, 1976)
What is Art Therapy? This form of therapy as defined by Case & Dalley (1992) in their handbook as, a therapy that involves the ideas of the patient to find solution to the issues faced by the person, and leading to psychotherapy of that person through art media. The first and the most crucial and decisive step of art therapy is planning, as it decides what should be made to be spoken out by the patient and what should be observed (Rubin, 1984)
What is Art Therapy? This form of therapy as defined by Case & Dalley (1992) in their handbook as, a therapy that involves the ideas of the patient to find solution to the issues faced by the person, and leading to psychotherapy of that person through art media. The first and the most crucial and decisive step of art therapy is planning, as it decides what should be made to be spoken out by the patient and what should be observed (Rubin, 1984)
What is Art Therapy? This form of therapy as defined by Case & Dalley (1992) in their handbook as, a therapy that involves the ideas of the patient to find solution to the issues faced by the person, and leading to psychotherapy of that person through art media. The first and the most crucial and decisive step of art therapy is planning, as it decides what should be made to be spoken out by the patient and what should be observed (Rubin, 1984)
What is Art Therapy? This form of therapy as defined by Case & Dalley (1992) in their handbook as, a therapy that involves the ideas of the patient to find solution to the issues faced by the person, and leading to psychotherapy of that person through art media. The first and the most crucial and decisive step of art therapy is planning, as it decides what should be made to be spoken out by the patient and what should be observed (Rubin, 1984)
Middle Year Period - 1970s to 1980s The conceptual perspectives were broadened enough from 1970s to 1980s, more and more publications were issued regardless of the fact of psycho analysis by art therapy, which always remained the dominant and distinguished feature of the whole analysis (Betensky, 1973; Landgarten, 1981; Levick, 1983; McNiff, 1981; Rhyne, 1973/1995; Robbins & Sibley, 1976; Rubin, 1978/1984; Wadeson, 1980). Two new journals as stated by Rubin (1999) were published in this age and are named as: Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, in 1983 1973 Art Psychotherapy (also known as the Arts in Psychotherapy later by 1980) In this way journal publishing regarding this topic was enhanced in this age and then American Art Therapy Association was also evolved in 1969, and it boosted credentials, art therapists and their roles (Shoemaker et al
People followed certain approaches and have been following them still in the present age and are as follows: Psychodynamic Approaches Levick (1983), Kramer, Ulman, Wilson and Rubin (Rubin, 1987/2001) used psychoanalytical languages and also some other related concepts. New interpretations such as that of Klein (Weir, 1990) help the innovators a lot to enhance their concepts regarding self-psychology (Lachman-Chapin, 1999) and relating objects theory (Robbins, 1976)
These were some early pioneers who worked with their heart and soul to make it a successful field for the coming world. In the end one should not also forget other early pioneers such as Mary Huntoon from Menninger Clinic (Wix, 2000), who has made marvelous contributions to this profession as well
" (nd) Behavioral manifestations of the inability to cope with feelings of grief include "angry outbursts, irritability, sleeping and eating disorders, and persistent questioning about the details of death." (Fiorini and Mullen, 2007) Frequent expression of grief in childhood and adolescence include "fear of personal fallibility, psychosomatic ailments, and difficulties with schoolwork, nightmares or sleep disorders, changes in eating patterns, temporary regressions and shock
" (2001) the primary purpose of the group is "not to achieve resolution of grief, but rather to give the students the skills and support to continue to work toward resolution of their grief." (Busch and Kimble, 2001) The work of Graham and Sontag (2001) entitled: 'Art as an Evaluative Tool: A Pilot Study' published in Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association relates a study that examined the effectiveness of an art therapy support group for children who were grieving
" The work of Nicole Resnick (2005) entitled: 'It's All Right to Cry: How to Help Kids Cope with Death, Dying and Grief' relates a story in which a child is asked why he believed his grandfather had died and the little boy confided that "he felt he was responsible" as he had "accidentally stepped on his grandpa's oxygen tube the same night the terminal man passed away." (Resnick, 2005) Resnick expressed that had this child not had the chance to voice this belief "he may have harbored this misguided guilt for years
"I tried to explain to you what art therapy might be like and I think we decided to just do six sessions to start with, to test it out, to if you and I could work together. I remember that I thought you seemed very motivated," Stephanie recounts that first meeting (Beavis, Bull 104)
This struggle was later replicated with Kayla, another young black woman, who worked for months molding a clay self-portrait, but experienced serious trouble choosing an appropriate color for the portrait's face. While Lekandra "remained steadfast in her desire to have blue eyes instead of the brown eyes she was born with," McGann eventually succeeded in encouraging Kayla to choose a color true to her natural skin tone (McGann 208, 211)
Similarly, biological psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin observed and collected the art produced by his patients at the hospital of the University of Heidelberg, Germany; a collection that Hans Prinzhorn later expanded and published in Artistry of the Mentally Ill (1922). In addition to the development of Art Therapy, these early publications led to recognition of "Outsider Art" -- art created by persons not actively involved in the artistic community -- as potentially possessing of artistic value (Rustin 5)
Art Therapy as a therapeutic institution continued to evolve over the next century, largely due to the pioneering works of Carl Rodgers and his daughter, Natalie Rodgers. While Carl Rodgers is considered the father of person-centered theory and therapy -- in which patient acts as the prime mover of therapeutic progression -- his daughter, Natalie, applied Rogers' early techniques to the development of Person-Centered Expressive Art Therapy, incorporating painting, drawing, drama and movement, in a sort of "play therapy" for adults (Sommers-Flanagan 4)
The impact that art therapy has had on the field of psychology is undeniable, and its influence has contributed to the development of various diagnostic tools and interventions used in psychotherapy. The practice of art therapy involves the process of image making and its resulting products, as well as the relationship dynamic between the client and the therapist in relation to the image and/or each other (Edwards, 2004)