al, 2002). The purpose of this research will be to examine the extent to which the interpretations of the results of the literature review follow the study and the extent to which the results may be generalized to the population at large (Shavelson, 1988)
This study correlates with one conducted by Sonne, Back, Zuniga, Randall & Brady (2003) find that gender differences exist between males and females with co morbid alcohol dependence and post traumatic stress disorder. In their study they found that PTSD "more often preceded alcohol dependence in women than in men" (Sonne, 2003:422)
Narrative TC "Narrative" f C l "1" Introduction TC "Introduction" f C l "2" The purpose of this study is an examination of the relationship between post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcoholism/addiction, in an effort to determine whether a correlation exists between PTSD and alcoholism. There is a large body of evidence that suggests that alcohol abuse is common in patients diagnosed with PTSD (Thornton, 2003; Weinstein, 1999; Jaycox, et
Alcohol and Cigarette Advertising Alcohol and tobacco are among the most heavily advertised products within the media industry, including magazine, newspaper, broadcast, and outdoor advertising (Pfleger Pp)
Despite legislation to curb tobacco and alcohol advertising, especially to youths, the companies are still getting their messages across to their targets. Following the broadcast ban on tobacco advertising in 1971, magazines have become an important medium for tobacco companies, who in 1999 is reported to have spent approximately $443 million on magazine advertising (Lancaster Pp)
Joe Camel advertisements have been controversial for many years and several studies suggest that children are likely to recognize the Joe Camel character and associate it with cigarettes and some of the most heavily cited studies suggest that six-year-olds are more likely to recognize Joe Camel than Mickey Mouse, "and that recognition of a trade character is positively associated with age" (Lancaster Pp). While the major symptoms of addiction are dependence and powerlessness, advertisements for alcohol and tobacco stress freedom, independence, control and power, and divert attention by portraying the smoker or drinker as an independent man or woman who "dares to defy public opinion, to stand on his or her own" (Kilbourne Pp)
In 1989, Phillip Morris was the second largest advertiser in the Hispanic media, and was named company of the year by the National Association of Hispanic Publications, and both alcohol and tobacco companies also sponsor events such as the Kool Jazz Festival and the Ebony Fashion Fair (Kilbourne Pp). For more than thirty years governments have been trying to restrict tobacco promotion, however, it seems that nothing except a total ban is going to work (Shatenstein Pp)
Another promotional ploy is brand stretching, whereby tobacco companies use the name, colors and logo of a cigarette brand on other products that do not have advertising restrictions, such as Marlboro Classics clothing and Camel boots and accessories (Shatenstein Pp). According to one recent study, alcohol advertising expenditures are greatest in the late spring and early summer and during the holiday season and television received the preponderance of alcohol advertising dollars for beer, wine, wine coolers and premixed drinks, while distilled spirits relied mostly on magazine advertising (Proctor Pp)
It is also at this level that alcohol usually damages the relationship between the teenager and other people around him/her. There are various reasons why teenagers drink (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2012); one of the reasons is the environment that the teenager grew up in
Children of alcoholics are three to four times more likely to become alcoholic than the general population. Research reports that 50% of children of alcoholics marry an alcoholic; 70% develop a pattern of compulsive behavior as an adult, including alcoholism, drug abuse, and overeating (Balding, 2002)
The constant hurt and confusion of the alcoholic household often reveals itself in children protecting themselves by lying, suppressing feelings, and withdrawing from close relationships. Having learned these defenses in adolescence, children of alcoholics tend to repeat them in adulthood, usually without realizing the connection (Buddy, 2005)
6 million children under the age of 18 years live in households with at least one alcoholic parent (Russell, 1984). In addition, genetic studies indicate that alcoholism tends to run in families and that a genetic vulnerability for alcoholism exists (Cloninger, 1981)
An estimated 6.6 million children under the age of 18 years live in households with at least one alcoholic parent (Russell, 1984)
America's War on Drugs escalated after President Nixon created the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and increased penalties for marijuana-related offences. Criminalizing marijuana has caused the American legal system to appear severely imbalanced and even ludicrous with the majority of new convicts being non-violent offenders whose sentences often far outweigh those of murderers (Beatty, Holman & Schiraldi)
Yet perhaps no circumstances sparked the use of marijuana in the United States as robustly as the influx of Mexican immigrants after the turn of the century. Recreational marijuana use remained confined to Mexican-American communities but by the late 1920s the drug had also become popular with jazz musicians and urban bohemians in part because it was relatively cheap (Bonnie & Whitebread)
Schedule What? The prohibition of marijuana was initially based on faulty evidence linking use of the drug to violent crimes. Whereas marijuana still retained its value among the medical community, however, by 1970 it would become classified as a Schedule I narcotic: a delegation many experts believe to have "no rational basis" and which clearly violates the American Constitution (Hupy)
Moreover, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has yet to review published scientific papers regarding the medicinal benefits of marijuana in spite of urging from major national and international health organizations ("Medical Use"). A 2004 American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) survey revealed that a whopping 72% of Americans over the age of 45 believe that "adults should be allowed to legally use marijuana for medical purposes if a physician recommends it," and 59% believe that marijuana does indeed have medicinal benefits (Kalata)
Unfortunately, neither American lawmakers nor the voting public learned from the mistakes made with the passing of prohibition laws. Although alcohol consumption in America dropped significantly by 1921, within a few years after the 18th Amendment was passed, per-capita drinking levels rose and a thriving black market permitted the flow of libations around the nation (Thornton)
1% of them experienced attempted rape cases. However, this did not account for variations of semesters (Mohler-Kuo, Dowdall, Koss, & Wechsler, 2004)
The report further indicates that young women are considerable at risk of becoming victims. In addition, statistics according to the National College Women Sexual Victimization state that one in every 36 women experience attempted or complete sex by the end of a college school year (Marshall, Roberts, Donnelly & Rutledge, 2011)