Muturi and an looked at how cultural factors might contribute to higher HIV prevalence in African-American communities. It noted that African-American women are disproportionately impacted by HIV / AIDS, accounting for 67% of all women diagnosed with HIV (Muturi & an, 2010)
They found no overall change in incidence from 2006 to 2009 in any specific race/ethnicity or risk groups. However, they did find a very significant (21%) increase in prevalence in youth aged 13-29, which was driven by escalating rates of HIV in homosexual males, particularly African-American males who have sex with other males (Prejean et al
Therefore, one would expect that HIV prevalence would be higher among African-American women in detoxification than in other groups given that the prevalence is higher in the regular population. What they found was that whites and Hispanics had higher levels of total HIV risk scores and risky injection use scores than African-Americans (Wu et al
" Although Allen stressed the presence of Blacks in the Black antislavery movement he also, it should be noted, did not actively exclude Whites from these societies. (Franklin, p
Allen's life, as noted by the entry on his life in the encyclopedia of African-American Lives, serves as a unique and profound window for readers as to what life was like for colonial-era slaves and how, while America resisted the tyranny of Britan, African-Americans similarly resisted the tyranny of slavery upon their lives, bodies, and livelihoods. (Gates, pp
Allen helped form the Free African Society, a service group for blacks, in 1787. (Toppin, 2004) Allen always, in the verbal and written construction of his narrative of freedom, provided a template for American slaves as to how to tell their stories of enslavement and release from bondage in a theological and African-centric framework
However, African immigration began in earnest towards the middle and latter portions of the 17th century, due to the advent of the plantation system and the economic value found in crops such as tobacco, rice, and eventually cotton. There are estimates that "eleven to twelve million Africans were forcibly carried to the Americas," and that "one-half million were taken to what became…the United States" (Berlin)
shores were typically from the West Indies or Europe, and accompanied explorers in the capacity of indentured servants in the mid-16th century. They frequently worked in tandem with European indentured servants (Foley) and were able to integrate themselves into society
Tobacco, rice and indigo were the most profitable crops before the widespread production of cotton, and were essential to both monetary and food-substance survival to the fledgling U.S. Sugar was highly valued as well (West)
K., for exactly the same price as a trip to New York, since that's what it is" (Kugel, 2007)
But along a nearby commercial strip, in the heart of what is now known as Little Senegal, West African restaurants have moved in. Restaurants such as Les Ambassades and African Kine serve loyal African patrons, as well as a diverse clientele from across the city" (Laing, 2013)
Right off the bat, we caught ourselves slurping a fiery mussel bath with soup spoons, lemongrass stalks and all, while using tiny toast rounds like sponges to mop up buttery bread crumb topping from an escargot dish's hard to reach nooks and crannies. Entrees are strong and serious down to the spicy details: tart onion jam and rich couscous adorn mains like carefully chosen accessories" (Pearlman, 2014)
One of the key aspects to emphasize in this part of the article is how there is a dedicated effort on the part of those who sponsor and participate in these events and the growing trend towards African cuisine in New York to propagate a "social conscious mission to bring greater awareness to issues that impact people of the African Diaspora" (Ebony). This fact should be a motif throughout the article; discuss it with all people interviewed for the piece including "event producers A Taste of Africa" (Harris)
Moreover, many social scientists projected a pathological view of "Negroes" because those scientists ascribed "deviations from European cultural behaviors" that blacks showed as a result of their slavery experience to be their culture. Anthropologist Melville Jean Herskovits writes that "Historical scholars have for years considered the problem of the African origins of the slaves" and yet they did not have "knowledge of the cultures of the regions…and hence were unable to "validate their hypotheses" (Herskovits, 1990, 34)
Literature Review In author Betty M. Kuyk's book she asserts that Africans brought with them "…their whole experience of living in their own African culture," and for many Africans arriving in America, the fact of "Americanization" did not totally "erase that experience" (Kuyk, 2003)
That tradition is now gone. Meanwhile on the islands that stretch along the coast of South Carolina Africans brought against their will lost their native values due to slaveowners molding them into "…a cohesive workforce" (Pollitzer, et al
Anthropologist Melville Jean Herskovits writes that "Historical scholars have for years considered the problem of the African origins of the slaves" and yet they did not have "knowledge of the cultures of the regions…and hence were unable to "validate their hypotheses" (Herskovits, 1990, 34). In conclusion, there are myriad opinions and articles depicting the African heritages of slaves brought to America; one of those opinions is expressed by William Wright: "Black slaves in America lost numerous ethnic identities over the courts of their enslavement" albeit these slaves did not seek to 'reclaim their lost African heritage' as John Henrik Clarke had asserted in his book (Wright, 2002)
Policy issues and historical background One of the most significant problems in criminal justice is the recidivist offender. "These offenders are considered unresponsive to incarceration as a means of behavior modification and undeterred by the prospect of serving time in prison" (Brown, & Jolivette, 2005)
Therefore, it should come as no surprise that many second or third strike offenders are incarcerated for crimes against people, such as robbery and assault (Brown, & Jolivette, 2005). In fact, as of 2007, "nearly two-thirds of the 7,500 third-strikers are currently in prison because their third strike was a violent or serious felony such as murder, sexual assault, kidnapping, robbery, assault, burglary, assault with a deadly weapon, or illegal possession of a weapon" (Goodno, 2007)
Her father, Mike Reynolds, sought a solution for the revolving door of California's prison system and approached Republican Bill Jones to sponsor the bill. Jones was joined by Jim Costa, a democrat, as co-sponsor of the bill (Jones, 1999)