Because identical twins share virtually the exact same genetic traits and inherent tendencies, situations where they are reared apart from birth have provided extremely valuable insight into the relative influence of biology and experience on individual behavior, including addictive tendencies. The evidence from twin studies suggests that genetic influence is profoundly important, but numerous studies also illustrate the degree to which specific genetic tendencies are still susceptible to external experiences that contribute to their degree of behavioral expression (Coleman, Butcher and Carson 1994)
The evidence from twin studies suggests that genetic influence is profoundly important, but numerous studies also illustrate the degree to which specific genetic tendencies are still susceptible to external experiences that contribute to their degree of behavioral expression (Coleman, Butcher and Carson 1994). Strict application of behaviorism to cravings associated with addiction to substances ignores the irrefutable evidence of significant differences in neural architecture and neurological responses typically identified in addiction-prone and addicted individuals (Dennet 1991)
Consequently, the contemporary study of human behavior, including the nature of substance abuse, no longer views the "nature/nurture" question as answerable by either approach to the exclusion of the other. Rather, modern advances in neuroscience and brain imaging have enabled researchers to demonstrate the interrelationships between observable differences in the brains of addicted individuals and environmental influences that determine their ultimate effect on behavior (Gerrig and Zimbardo 2005)
change sex with each generation). OCD in the father can be enhanced through the birth of a child, and has been documented in clinical studies (Abramowitz, 2001)
But there are additional indicators of progress or success, including better peer functioning, higher self-esteme, lower separation anxiety, and willingness to attempt new things. Thus "better" has a series of meanings, both direct and indirect (Curry, 1998)
The case does illustrate that Jack's mother had been a worrier all his life, and this continued into Jack's and his sister's adult years. In fact, there may be a relation to the re-intensification of Jake's OCD after he and Ally had their child, and the increased concerns his mother expressed about him and his sister (Farrington D, 1990)
Although not the topic of this diagnosis, one is left to wonder if there may have been a tendency towards Asperger's Syndrome. One does not have enough information to determine Jake's level of affect, but his need to reduce stimuli, stay inside, and choose a quiet, individual profession with numbers may be an indication of some neurobiological disturbance (Gillberg, 1998)
Jake's disorder appears to show itself in behaviors, but the case does not present mental acts in detail that might help the diagnostician to determine if Jake engages in obsessive or compulsive mental acts. In order to completely diagnose Jake's disorder, one must look at two characteristics (Goodman, 2000): Symptom profile: intrusive obsessive thoughts and repetitive behaviors: it is clear that Jake engaged in obsessive behavior both in his childhood and early adulthood
This paper will seek to analyze how that and other changes may have reawakened Jake's OCD, and how it might be treated. Diagnosis Jake's case matches the DSM-IV criteria for OCD, as well as some of the associated sub-specialties of the disease (Hollander, 1993)
In order to completely diagnose Jake's disorder, one must look at two characteristics (Goodman, 2000): Symptom profile: intrusive obsessive thoughts and repetitive behaviors: it is clear that Jake engaged in obsessive behavior both in his childhood and early adulthood. Usually, OCD appears in later childhood or the teenage years, which corresponds with Jake's move from concern to obsession in the first attack when fishing with his father (Leckman JF, 1997)
In order to completely diagnose Jake's disorder, one must look at two characteristics (Goodman, 2000): Symptom profile: intrusive obsessive thoughts and repetitive behaviors: it is clear that Jake engaged in obsessive behavior both in his childhood and early adulthood. Usually, OCD appears in later childhood or the teenage years, which corresponds with Jake's move from concern to obsession in the first attack when fishing with his father (Leckman JF, 1997)
CBT's main advantages are that it is focused on the specific problem, is relatively short-term, and can have a long-lasting effect on curbing the irrational fears demonstrated in victims of OCD. If Jake showed additional symptoms or a more serious manifestation of the disorder, or a more complicated etiology due to deep psychological causes, treatment with CBT might need to be accompanied by talk therapy, meditation or other methods (Marazziti, 2001)
Jake may have inherited his mother's compulsions, which could stem from hyperstimulation due either to early environmental factors (including in-utero) or genetic factors. Even if, as suggested above, Jake is not a classic Asperger's case, he could share the tendencies of high-functioning autism which accompany OCD in some cases (Winter, 2002)
About 50% of people who have been anorexic develop bulimia or bulimic patterns" ("Statistics: How many people have eating disorders?" ANRED, 2007). Other estimates range around 3% (Rowan, 2006)
g., work or personal relationships)" is also characteristic of a person with abnormal behavior (Kring et al
, 2007). Borderline personality disorder is often marked with reactivity in mood (Sass & Junemann, 2003, 38)
Roots of Abnormal Psychology Abnormal Psychology The recognition that mental disorders exist goes all the way back to primitive societies (Hansell and Damour, 2008, p
) A psychological disorder, which is also known as a mental disorder, is a pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple life areas and/or create distress for the person who is experiencing these symptoms. Psychological disorders generate a maladaptive pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that lead to detriments in relationships and other life areas (Cherry, 2010)
This model proposes that having a propensity towards developing depression alone is not enough to trigger the illness. A person's individual diathesis must interact with stressful life events which are social, psychological or biological in nature in order to prompt the onset of the illness (Nemade, Staats Reiss and Dombeck, 2007)
Axis V is a ranking scale called the Global Assessment of Functioning. The GAF goes from 0 to 100 and provides a way to sum up in a single number just how well the person is functioning overall (Schimelpfening, 2010)