Macro-oriented level research during that period was underrepresented and mostly oriented toward gender and ethnicity issues. The preferred trend according to many in the field is to focus more on macro -- level analyses or a synthesis of micro/macro approaches (Eckstein, Moss, & Delaney, 2010)
Nonetheless, early on sociologists have looked at sports with distain. For instance Emile Durkheim thought of sports as simply ritualized civic ceremonies, whereas early feminists viewed them as masculine cultural displays (Giulianotti, 2005)
This basic idea is supported by a more modern study of athletes by Thomas Alley and Catherine Hicks published in 2005. Their research demonstrated that "there was a consistent decrease in rated femininity and increase in masculinity" as participants were ranked based on which sports, if any, that they participated in (Alley & Hicks, 2005)
In Cuba, knowledge of sport, specifically baseball, and an ability to argue about and defend your viewpoint is essential to manhood and pride. (Carter, 2002) This ability to recite facts and figures about one's team of choice and to defend the honor of players and associates of that team is a "defining factor of belonging in the pena (group of fans) and acts as a factor in confirming one's claims of masculinity
189) Other authors have noted that the nation's obsession with sport and competition in the 19th century was due to a "crisis of masculinity," with economic changes after the Civil War making Americans less financially autonomous and an influx of immigrants and the women's movement making males feel less powerful in society all contributed to the nation's focus on "masculine" competitive pursuits like sports. (Kimmel 1990, p
(Oriand 2001, p. 335) How, exactly, did this definition occur? When and from where were the youth adopting these beliefs? It has been said that "through sport, boys learn cultural values and behaviors such as competition, toughness, and winning at all costs, which are culturally valued aspects of masculinity" (Messner 1990, p
Finally, this essay will briefly explore this phenomenon in other societies, and establish whether or not the definition of masculinity via sport is a distinctly "American" cultural event. Lewis Terman examined the perception of athletes as more masculine in 1936 (Oriard 328)
Finally, this essay will briefly explore this phenomenon in other societies, and establish whether or not the definition of masculinity via sport is a distinctly "American" cultural event. Lewis Terman examined the perception of athletes as more masculine in 1936 (Oriard 328)
In a review of Luisa Valenzuela's The Lizard's Tail, which detailed the era of Argentine history in which a military junta overthrew the government, the nation hosted and won the World Cup of soccer, and many defining moments occurred, Geralyn Pye notes that throughout the political turbulence leading up to the hosting of the World Cup, even the warring factions in the nation took a pause for the soccer festival: "Nothing would infringe on the spectacle of the World Cup." (Pye, 1994, online cite) The military junta which controlled the government focused all of its efforts on making the Cup a success, and in turn, displaying to the world and their own nation their power and control (blatantly masculine traits) and ability to govern and rule
The anthropological concepts of rites containing the following elements are all quite clearly present in sport: man-boy relationships, conformity and control, social isolation, deference to male authority, and pain. (Sabo and Panepinto 1990) These socialization efforts to make boys grow up more "masculine" are "collective and mutually reinforcing practices, through which patterns of empowerment, habits, and self-expectations of domination are encouraged in successive generations of boys
Today, it seems, simply following the performance of and caring about the achievements of athlete or athletic teams is sufficient to increase "masculinity." (Wann, Waddill, and Dunham, 2004) Participation in sport is not limited to athletes -- instead, the above study finds, individuals participate in sport via their "fandom," and that such participation is predicated on a person's masculinity
(Sabo and Panepinto 1990) These socialization efforts to make boys grow up more "masculine" are "collective and mutually reinforcing practices, through which patterns of empowerment, habits, and self-expectations of domination are encouraged in successive generations of boys." (Whitson 1990, p
Sociology of sport, alternately referred to as sports sociology, is a sub-discipline of sociology which focuses on sports as social phenomena.
Sports sociology is the study of the relationship between sports and society. This is an overview of the topics examined in this academic field.
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