As multicellular organisms began to evolve and grow in size, the ability of the inner-most cells to receive enough oxygen to carry out cellular respiration was compromised. The absorption of oxygen through the outer cellular layers, called cutaneous respiration, evolved to become an important method for obtaining enough oxygen to sustain the evolution of larger organisms (Farmer, 1997)
As multicellular organisms began to evolve and grow in size, the ability of the inner-most cells to receive enough oxygen to carry out cellular respiration was compromised. The absorption of oxygen through the outer cellular layers, called cutaneous respiration, evolved to become an important method for obtaining enough oxygen to sustain the evolution of larger organisms (Farmer, 1997)
In support of this argument, Farmer points out that gill-dependent fish like trout will often die after intense physical activity, whereas the gar will not. Respiratory Anatomy and Function in Frogs As frogs grow from tadpoles to adults they live a double life, first as an aquatic creature dependent on gills and cutaneous gas transfer for respiration and then as semi-terrestrial tetrapods primarily dependent on their lungs for gas exchange (Gargaglioni and Milsom, 2007; Taylor, Leite, Mckenzie, and Wang, 2010)
During the tadpole stage of development, the skin accounts for up to 60% of the gases exchanged with the aquatic environment. As adults, cutaneous respiration continues to function but is believed to be most efficient when submersed in water (Janis and Keller, 2001)
By comparison, tidal pools and other marine habitats are considered well oxygenated due to tidal actions. A recent study examined the habitat habits of coral-dwelling fishes to better understand the role hypoxia plays (Nilsson, Hobbs, Ostlund-Nilsson, and Munday, 2007)
Conclusions The gradual evolution of the respiratory system in fish to that of frogs represents an adaptive process that allowed terrestrial habitation in wet regions. This in turn allowed the evolution of costal ventilation (Janis and Keller, 2001) and surfactants (Perry Steven F., Wilson, Richard J
Since frogs typically have a comparatively low metabolic rate, buccal ventilation is generally continuous and lung ventilation sporadic (Gargaglioni and Milsom, 2007). The same muscles control both and for this reason, buccal ventilation does not occur at the same time the lungs ventilate (Taylor, Leite, Mckenzie, and Wang, 2010)
The basic respiratory system happens in two main ways: internal and external respiratory system. In internal respiration, organism experience gaseous exchange through the cellular surface, while in the external respiration, every organism has developed typical organs to carry out the process, like fetal membranes, skin surface, and lungs (Campbell, 2001)
Air enters and exits the lungs through a diverse system of upper airways. The respiratory system also involves the diaphragm as well as being supported by muscles and bones making up the thoracic cavity (DiGiovanna)
Luckily, latent TB is non-contagious. However, just because the TB is latent does not mean that the person will not become ill; at least 10% of individuals having latent TB will go on to develop a case of active TB (Nall)
The entire framework of the respiratory system is housed in the thorax, head, and neck. The upper respiratory tract is found in the head and neck, while the lower respiratory tract is found as the trachea through the lungs (Person and Mintz)
Respiratory System: High Elevations and the Blood Why do people experience shortness of breath at high altitudes? Why does tendency clear off after several days? Humans experience two main types of environmental stresses at high altitudes. First, they experience rapid dehydration as a result of the strong winds and low humidity; and secondly, they could have shortness of breath as a direct result of the low air pressure (Boga, 1997)
After a few days or months (depending on the number of times one has been on high altitudes), the unpleasant symptoms disappear as the body adjusts to the lower oxygen levels through the process of acclimatization (Boga, 1997). Initially (in the first few days), the body adjusts by increasing the heart rate in a bid to elevate the amount of oxygenated blood being supplied to the cells (Ward, Ward & Leach, 2011)