In addition, the logistics of information perspective also includes the extent of the free flow of information to facilitate communications between organizational divisions in a parliamentary government (Bounfour, 2003). Parliamentary procedures are defined as "an organized method for a group to accomplish their goals in an effective, fair, and efficient manner" (Archer, Dill & Weber, 1999, para
com/-4i-1C3fReMg/TgUkH30qd1I/AAAAAAAAAQU/-ohw6nbAZgI/s1600/253785_156259131108958_139250506143154_318843_3908132_n.jpg All told, 300 seats were provided at the national dialogue to ensure that all stakeholders were afforded a voice in the proceedings (Belcsak, 2011)
gif Likewise, just as in the Canadian parliament where English and French are the official languages and government documents must be prepared in both languages (Ford & Vachon, 2007), official documents for the Bahraini upper house are usually prepared in Arabic and English and the translations double-checked for accuracy, a process that introduces yet another delay in the legislative process (Karolak, 2011). In some jurisdictions in developing nations such as Kenya, the houses of parliaments simply lack the administrative and technical resources they need to accomplish their goals effectively (Bohnstedt, 2008)
Like in England (McLean & Peterson, 2011), the Bahraini prime minister is appointed directly by the king without any approval required from the upper house (The report: Bahrain 2008, 2009). Logistics of Information Perspective The logistics of information perspective includes investments in software and information systems that can facilitate the decision-making process by a legislative body (Bounfour, 2003)
This definition includes the management of the design process as well as communications (Sun & Yam, 2008). Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 on the World Trade Center and Pentagon, Bahrain was one of just two Middle Eastern countries that designed and implemented substantive reforms which modernized the fundamental structure of their legislative systems and improved the flow of communications (Carothers & Ottaway, 2012)
370). These hopes were further reinforced by the framework provided by the parliament which offered a venue for the free exchange of new ideas and concepts concerning the future direction of the kingdom (Diwan, 2012)
34). The Bahraini upper house of parliament does in fact have effective knowledge management practices in place that include ensuring timely access to both foreign and domestic sources as well as the feedback from society (the term for political parties in Bahrain) and constituents (Fakhro, 2011)
Moreover, the complex parliamentary procedures that are in place in most national parliaments are frequently hampered by procedural delays (Kay & Binnendijk, 2007). In fact, in some jurisdictions such as Canada and the United Kingdom, there are so many parliamentary committees and procedural rules in place that it frequently requires an inordinate amount of time to move bills from one legislative level to the next (Fenn, 2008)
37). Clearly, knowledge management can play and has played an important role in facilitating the decision-making process by and between the Bahraini upper and lower houses of parliament, especially given that many of the cross-cultural constraints to knowledge management that adversely affect the legislative process in other jurisdictions are not especially salient in the Bahraini parliament (Fiona, Cartwright & Edwards, 2002)
bh/en/SiteCollectionImages/Strcuture/brownCut.gif Likewise, just as in the Canadian parliament where English and French are the official languages and government documents must be prepared in both languages (Ford & Vachon, 2007), official documents for the Bahraini upper house are usually prepared in Arabic and English and the translations double-checked for accuracy, a process that introduces yet another delay in the legislative process (Karolak, 2011)
bh/en/SiteCollectionImages/Strcuture/brownCut.gif Likewise, just as in the Canadian parliament where English and French are the official languages and government documents must be prepared in both languages (Ford & Vachon, 2007), official documents for the Bahraini upper house are usually prepared in Arabic and English and the translations double-checked for accuracy, a process that introduces yet another delay in the legislative process (Karolak, 2011)
This is not unusual and a number of other countries have experienced a series of delays and challenges in the administration of their houses of parliament from time to time and over time (Sambrook, 2003), and constraints to the communication process between the upper and lower houses of parliament have been experienced in England since at least 1363 (Luce, 1935). Moreover, the complex parliamentary procedures that are in place in most national parliaments are frequently hampered by procedural delays (Kay & Binnendijk, 2007)
The logistics of information perspective also includes the process by which the Bahraini lower house of parliament communicates with the upper house and the king (Morgan, 2009), a process that has become more efficient in recent years but which still experiences administrative delays from time to time (Bahrain, 2014). This is not unusual and a number of other countries have experienced a series of delays and challenges in the administration of their houses of parliament from time to time and over time (Sambrook, 2003), and constraints to the communication process between the upper and lower houses of parliament have been experienced in England since at least 1363 (Luce, 1935)
As a result, Bahrain has been engineered to have a bicameral legislature comprised of an upper and lower house, with parliamentary elections for the lower house are held every 4 years but with terms that can be extended thereafter (The report: Bahrain 2008, 2009). Like in England (McLean & Peterson, 2011), the Bahraini prime minister is appointed directly by the king without any approval required from the upper house (The report: Bahrain 2008, 2009)
Therefore, the legislative process in any parliamentary setting can be delayed intentionally by a laying on the table motion based on partisan differences or administrative need as well as unintentionally through communications or procedural delays. The logistics of information perspective also includes the process by which the Bahraini lower house of parliament communicates with the upper house and the king (Morgan, 2009), a process that has become more efficient in recent years but which still experiences administrative delays from time to time (Bahrain, 2014)
In some jurisdictions in developing nations such as Kenya, the houses of parliaments simply lack the administrative and technical resources they need to accomplish their goals effectively (Bohnstedt, 2008). In other jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom, the dramatically different compositions of the upper and lower houses have introduced some communications constraints (Nicholas, 2003)
The recently implemented information technology initiatives will support this recommendation and make them even more useful. In addition, studies have shown that parliamentary ombudsmen have been effective in facilitating access to parliamentary committees in the United Kingdom (Nicholson, 1999)
35). Knowledge management practices also involve evaluating the effectiveness of steps that are taken to reach established goals (Probst & Raub, 2000)
The logistics of information perspective also includes the process by which the Bahraini lower house of parliament communicates with the upper house and the king (Morgan, 2009), a process that has become more efficient in recent years but which still experiences administrative delays from time to time (Bahrain, 2014). This is not unusual and a number of other countries have experienced a series of delays and challenges in the administration of their houses of parliament from time to time and over time (Sambrook, 2003), and constraints to the communication process between the upper and lower houses of parliament have been experienced in England since at least 1363 (Luce, 1935)
181). This definition includes the management of the design process as well as communications (Sun & Yam, 2008)