For this purpose we make use of an article that is conveniently titled "Feature-Oriented Programming with Ruby" by Gunther and Sunkle (2009). Features are certain characteristics of software that are used in order to distinguish the members of a program family (Batory et al
This is referred to as the fault-proneness of that particular class. Extant literature has been dedicated to the empirical validation of the metrics (Briand et al
This is referred to as the fault-proneness of that particular class. Extant literature has been dedicated to the empirical validation of the metrics (Briand et al
,1990).The challenges addressed by the SPL is to address the a structure that's is considered an asset in a way that can improve productivity and reusability of the application under development (Czarnecki and Eisenecker,2000)
We are realizing something of the power and the potential which lie in the resources of a small group of intelligent adults thrown into close, continuing encounter with one another. Developments in applied group dynamics, group therapy and the encounter culture have amply demonstrated the benefits people may derive from such small group experience - sometimes with a designated leader present and sometimes without a leader" (Beach 1974: 187)
In an increasingly technologically complex society, self-directed learning is seemed more and more important in the workforce, much like knowing a second language itself. Self-directed learning readiness emerges in the workforce as an important measurable characteristic that is positively associated with other desirable attributes in employees (Guglielmino, Guglielmino, & Long 1987: 309)
According to Beach, in a comparison of two classes, one section of which was entirely taught in a self-directed manner, the other of which was conducted in a conventional lecture format, the learning outcomes of both classes were the same (Beach 1974: 190). Today, self-directed learning is often praised because "individual learners can become empowered to take increasingly more responsibility for various decisions associated with the learning endeavor" although it is acknowledged that "self-direction is best viewed as a continuum or characteristic that exists to some degree in every person and learning situation," and self-direction "does not necessarily mean all learning will take place in isolation from others" or the teacher (Hiemstra 1994)
Still, collaborative learning in language classrooms is largely deemed essential, given that language itself is a collaborative art: "In both education and language learning, emergent theory and practice emphasize the social aspect of learning. The learner is expected to negotiate meaning with others while helping to direct and reflect upon his or her own learning experiences" (Hughes & Source 1997:529)
This school of thought would tend to believe in programmed instruction, utilizing the language laboratory and even computer programs to expose students to carefully structured learning experiences. While this model of instruction may be useful for remedial work and some individualized programs, it does not tap the inquisitive and creative impulses or the insights of a self-directed and self-motivated language learner" (Jahn 1979: 275)
There are significant racial differences in SDLRS scores, for example, between student self-ratings and the grading of teachers that must be explored. Ratings of faculty members and student's SDLRS scores and age and previous educational level also yield notable discrepancies, and the causality of these examples must be studied further (Long & Agyekum 1983: 77; 84)
As more older adults go back to school and students go to school part-time or must juggle busy work and school schedules, "some educational institutions are finding ways to support self-directed study through open-learning programs, individualized study options, non-traditional course offerings, and other innovative programs," even if the self-directed feedback in say, a language lab cannot supplant face-to-face tutoring, correction, and guidance (Hiemstra 1994). Most students come to university-level study somewhat familiar with self-directed learning from in-class contexts such as doing labs, constructing dialogues, doing team worksheets, and other in-class assignments and from out-of-class assignments such as "doing assigned reading, doing written assignments and other homework, and preparing for a test" (Thomas, Strage, & Curley 1988:314)
Traditionally, children are taught to associate the words that they are taught to sound out with written words or language. It establishes a pattern of recognition that eventually translates into memory (Chamberlain, Morford, & Mayberry, 2000)
Research on this topic has previously yielded a mixture of results. Some researchers have theorized that understanding language comes down to two main components: linguistic comprehension and decoding (Erting, Thumann-Prezioso, & Sonnenstrahl-Benedict, 2000)
Fingerspelling is a widely accepted form of learning language for deaf individuals. It consists of making certain hand or manual gestures to represent letters and sounds of the alphabet (Haptonstall-Nykaza & Schick, 2007)
The problem lies in the inability of the English language to correlate phonologically with American Sign Language. Establishing a connection between the two has been a difficult and daunting task (Valli, Lucas, Mulrooney, & Villanueva, 2011)
These are the most endangered languages, and many are found in the Americas and in Australia, where 337 languages are spoken only by a few elderly people. These languages probably will not last beyond 2050 (Furniss, 2007, p
Linguists note the reasons why languages die out, and one such reason has been globalization, which makes certain major languages the language of commerce. Also, national education programs tend to promote the majority language and to stamp out minor languages (Marlett, 2000, p
It was the language used by the Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt following the spread of Greek culture throughout much of the Near East. In essence, it is the language of the ancient Egyptians themselves (Mayton, 2006, p
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) reports that about half of the approximately 6,000 languages spoken in the world are under threat, seriously endangered or dying. According to the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger of Disappearing, languages have died out and disappeared at a dramatic and steadily increasing pace in many parts of the world, especially in the Americas and Australia, over the past three centuries (Roque, 2002, p
Missionaries have also played a major role. In the school she attended as a child, Sangama remembers, missionaries used to make her kneel on corn if she spoke Chamicuro (Taylor, 2000, 1276)