19). In the end, she sums up by indicating that gender plays a role in leadership opportunities, but style and priorities remain same as always (Lyman, Ashby & Tripses, 2005)
The gender inequality is influenced in the manner of leading, speaking and influencing. Hence, men and women have been deemed as two dissimilar kinds of people (Merchant, 2012)
According to Schein, Mueller, Lituchy and Liu (1996), women are afflicted with the typical think-manager-think male norm. In Nichols (1994) opinion, the popular opinion is that women aren't cut out for the tough decisions and roles of management position; hence they are kept out from these positions (Michailidis, Morphitou & Theophylatou, 2012)
This is due to the glass ceiling effect which hinders them from rising to upper management positions. They also experience the glass escalator effect, where men are pushed forward along the corporate ladder whilst women are kept back (in women dominated fields as well Maume, 1999; Williams, 1992) (Ryan & Haslam, 2007)
49), the fact of the matter is that, they haven't. Hence, this wrong assumption of women acquiring equality while statistics show a different side creates misunderstanding, although popular view is that women have made their way into top management position, but they still are outnumbered by men in: Directorship Governance Executive leadership (Schwanke, 2013)
But the corporate world is based on certain gender norms and stereotypes of role provisions. Hence these roles have made certain divisive identities (Sharma, & Sharma, 2012)
Laurence Harris, an economist with the University of London, writes that Marx viewed the development of capitalism as "a conflict between labor and capital." A capitalist economic system requires an economic gap between capitalists and the working class (Bottomore, p 66)
However, the growing capitalism of the East European countries is testimony to the impracticality of this radical approach. After all, as Herbert Gans observed in his study of poverty, there are many aspects of stratification that could not be addressed through a mere redistribution of resources (Gans, p 71)
While the original Social Security Act was limited to only retirement benefits for the worker, two 1939 amendments added benefit payments to the retirees' dependents (spouse and to the minor children) and survivor benefits to the family in case a covered worker dies prematurely. Thus ushered in the Social Security program that is in place today, one that provides security and benefits for the family rather than just an individual worker (Schieber and Shoven, 31)
By trying to earn money for themselves, working people unwittingly contribute to the greater good of society, as if they were "as if guided by an invisible hand." (Smith, paragraph IV
An analysis of the economic trends of the past decades and certain other features of society in the United States reveals that the income gap is built on a self-perpetuating system that is further exacerbated by inequalities in access to education and healthcare. Income Gap Self-Perpetuation The primary reason that the income gap in the United States has continued to grow at rampant rates is that income, especially the take-home portion of income, is directly related to taxation, and on the other end income (that is, money) can be used to influence policy making through lobbying, campaign contributions, and other means (Domhoff, 2012)
Income Inequality Exploring and Explaining the Income Inequality in the United States: The Self-Perpetuation of the "Meritocracy" The recent (and ongoing, though now far less publicized) Occupy protests were not meant simply to highlight the outright corruption and greed that was perceived to exist in the world and the nation's financial industry, but also to highlight and to protest the growing wealth disparity in the developed world and most especially in the United States. The rallying cry of "We are the 99%" was explicitly meant to call attention to the wealth and income gap in the nation, which has grown at exponential rates over the past several decades and has reached levels that are unprecedented at any previous point in history (Gilson & Perot, 2011; Domhoff, 2012; Berman, 2011)
Furthermore, not only women's body parts, but the very nouns used to designate a female human, are used as insults. For example, the words, "girl" and "lady" are used as labels of inferiority when applied to both men and women, and to "make a man" out of someone is to make them more or better (Bartlett)
Language evolves over time and reflects the values and mores of society. The failure of class-neutral designations to induce political equality gives little hope that gender-neutral designations alone will be enough to induce sexual equality (Feitz)
" Not only are feminine nouns and pronouns used in an insulting manner, but masculine words have positive denotations rarely associated with feminine words. The word "womanly" is defined as "having qualities generally associated with a woman," or "being appropriate in character to a woman" (Mish)
It is an insult to tell someone, even a woman that she throws like a girl or runs like a girl. It is also an insult to call a person of either sex a "sissy," even though that word was derived from sister (Nilsen)
However, language is not simply how humans communicate with one another, but also how humans communicate within themselves. Therefore, if language is sexist, then the actions, and even the thoughts, that it describes are sexist (West)
The S80/S20 ratio is a simplistic measurement tool through which the researchers divide the wages received by the wealthiest 20 per cent of the population by the wages received by the 20 per cent of the poorest of the population; the higher the rate, the higher the inequality (The European-Anti Poverty Network, 2004). The decile dispersion ratio is similar in the meaning that it compares the top richest with the top ten poorer, but it only assesses 10 per cent at each level and the inequality addresses their consumption powers (Haughton and Khandker, 2009)
Kelley and Klein state that it usually takes an entire generation for the old elite to renounce its inequality demands and perceptions, and for the society to stabilize; and as the society does stabilize eventually, the inequality drops to about one quarter of the inequality before the revolution. While this outcome would initially be perceived as a positive one decreasing inequality and promoting social equality, an unexpected outcome is that inequality in fact increases among the peasants, workers and the other previously exploited classes (Kelley and Herbert, 1981)
Causal relationship between class and inequality The study of inequality is rather complex and the opinions of the academicians differ on the various topics of inequality. For instance, some researchers believe that inequality is mostly obvious at the level of countries (Kirch, 2008), whereas others believe that it is mostly obvious at the level of social classes