They are outlined thoroughly in the Hadith, one of the core doctrinal traditions of Islam. The Five Pillars differentiates Islam from other religions of the Book like Judaism, outlining theological and practical elements of faith that bear witness to the uniqueness of Muhammad as God's prophet, and the uniqueness of Allah as well (Esposito, 1999)
" They are "Testimony of Faith, or Kalima, Prayer (Salat), Fasting (Sawm), Almsgiving (Zakat), and Pilgrimage (Hajj). Testimony of Faith (Kalima) The testimony of faith is central to Islam and requires the statement, "There is no god but God and Muhammad is His Messenger" (Hodge, 2005)