In addition, all eleven babies with FAS had "abnormal brain scans" (Tandon, 1271). Meanwhile an article in the journal PubMed explains that there are genetic conflicts in human pregnancy because the "natural selection on genes expressed in fetuses" might well be "opposed by the effects of natural selection in genes" from the mother (Haig, 1993)
edu). Essentially, teratology is the study of the "causes and biological processes leading to abnormal development and birth defects" -- an important component of teratology research seeks preventative measures (Tandon, et al
p 4001). The tobacco industry should not be supported in its efforts to manipulate public opinion, scientific research, regulation and education in promoting its products throughout the world (Best, 2009 p e1017)
pp 626-638). Health Effects Tobacco smoke affects all facets of fertility in both genders and influences a couple's inability to have children (Cooper & Moley, 2008 p 204)
The teratogenicity of environmental factors depends on the fetal gestational age at the time of exposure, amount of toxin reaching the fetus, duration of exposure, impact of other factors to which the mother and the fetus are exposed, genetic differences between them, and interrelationship between frequency of exposure and effect, and the adverse outcome, such as spontaneous abortion (Gardella & Hill). Preterm Births and Nicotine Psychological social stress and increased risk of preterm birth have been associated although the connection has not been explained (Denney et al
Background Fetal nicotine syndrome is a malformation complex in pregnant women who smoke 5 cigarettes a day and which affects their infants (De Ruvo, 2009). Nicotine has long been the prime suspect linking maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and sudden infant death syndrome or SIDS (Eugenin et al
pp 399-402). Environmental Toxins Heavy metals, like lead and mercury, organic solvents, alcohol and ionizing radiation are confirmed environmental teratogens (Gardella & Hill, 2000)
pp 153-154). Tobacco Smoke and Developmental Disabilities (Graff et al
pp 602-603). Helping Pregnant Women Quit Smoking Pregnancy is the best time to encourage smoking mothers to stop smoking in order to protect their fetus and their health (Mendoza & Chaves, 2003)
pp 871-875). Association with Behavioral Problems Children who are exposed to prenatal tobacco smoke face a 90% higher risk of abnormal behavior in later life than those not exposed (Ruckinger et al
, 2008 pp 13908-17). History The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease or DOHaD suggest that fetal adaptations in the womb during the developmental stage influence the structure and function of organs (Swanson et al
These babies are vulnerable and must be detected at term or scanned at 38 weeks, especially in the presence of other risk factors (McGowan pp 35-37). Smoking and the Risk of Strabismus A recent prospective, population-based cohort study found that smoking during pregnancy could increase the risk of strabismus in the unborn child (Torp-Pedersen et al
377) notes the rate of FAS among Navajo and Pueblo tribes are similar to those of the general population, whereas the rates among Southwest Plains Indians are much higher. Factors such as culture, pattern of alcohol use, and socioeconomic status play a role in this difference in rates even among similar populations (Aase, 1981, 154)
The difference is believed to be related to the populations used in the different studies. In Sokol's work, the participants were African-American or Native American and of lower socioeconomic status, whereas most CDC studies used predominantly white, middle class participants (Abel and Sokol, 1987, p
The difference is believed to be related to the populations used in the different studies. In Sokol's work, the participants were African-American or Native American and of lower socioeconomic status, whereas most CDC studies used predominantly white, middle class participants (Abel and Sokol, 1987, p
Finally, the child must show central nervous system abnormalities, such as impaired motor skills, learning disabilities, behavioral disorders, and mental handicaps. A less serious form of FAS, that of PFAS, or Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, requires at least two of the criteria above, while ARND, or Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder, requires only a central nervous system abnormality (CDC, 2005, p
Learning disabilities are also common. These can include an inability to generalize information, to use recently learned skills, to predict cause and effect, to distinguish reality from fantasy, and an inability to link behaviors with experience (FAS Support Network, 2004, online)
FAS Fetal Alcohol Syndrome was first discussed by Jones and Smith in 1973 as a pattern of abnormalities often seen in children born to mother's who consumed alcohol during pregnancy (Jones and Smith, 1973, p
This disruption can also cause a concurrent disruption in the electrophysiology and neurochemical balance in the brain. As a result, messages are not transmitted throughout the brain and body as they are in non-FAS children (Streissguth, 1997, 205)
This disruption can also cause a concurrent disruption in the electrophysiology and neurochemical balance in the brain. As a result, messages are not transmitted throughout the brain and body as they are in non-FAS children (Streissguth, 1997, 205)