" As the authors further point out, CPTED enhances the safety of the normal user and makes the unwanted user feel exposed -- and at an increased risk of either scrutiny or apprehension. Individuals are likely to protect a territory they identify as their own, and have reverence for territories of other people (Hess, 2008)
69), "is based on the theory that the proper design and effective use of the built environment can lead to a reduction in the incidence and fear of crime, and to an improvement in the quality of life." As the authors further point out, CPTED is further reinforced by concepts derived from such diverse fields as criminology, psychology, and geography -- in which case there is general consensus that; the physical environment design as well as use has an effect on people's behavior, which has an influence on the productive utilization of space, thus informing what the authors term "an increase or decrease in exposure to crime and loss" (Sennewald and Christman, 2011, p
There are more organized gangs in the lower income inner cities than in the surrounding, more affluent suburbs. This is mostly due to and highly correlated with the socio-economic status of these respective areas (Howell, 2010)
Those individuals attending schools in the suburbs are exposed to many more resources than those students attending educational institutions in the inner-cities. It is these differences that contribute to the discrepancies in crime rates (Esbensen, 2000)
Crimes fall into the categories of violent crimes, property crime, white-collar crimes and public order crimes. Crime can be prevented through crime prevention programs however often these programs do not play an effective role in minimizing the criminal activities (Lab, 2010)
Fourth component is the risk avoidance that is minimizing the chances of contact with any criminal activity believed to take place. Fifth component emphasizes learning self-defense techniques to escape from getting into a troubled situation and afterwards protecting oneself (Worall & J
Fourthly, I will review all the camera recordings captured at the crime scenes. This will provide physical evidences to those executing the robberies (Fish, 2013)
Lastly, I will determine any densely populated areas, zoning changes, or new businesses that might be influencing the occurrence of the crimes. Employing these steps will facilitate the development of strategic plans for responding to the problem (Pepper, 2010)
In addition, I will use the Geographical Information Software, also known as the GIS to facilitate analysis and creation of complex mapping data from the information collected from the police reports. Using these technological advances will ensure the success of the investigation by increasing the efficiency and accuracy of the results obtained (Reyes, 2007)
Preventing delinquency does not only save the young lives from being wasted, but it also prevents the onset of the adult criminal careers, thus reducing the burden of crime on its victims and on society. As a result, diversion programs such as after school programs, clubs and associations programs, working and volunteering programs and many other programs will be significant in preventing or deterring juvenile delinquency, abuse, and neglect (Saunders & Carr, 2009)
This concept typically occurs in the "built environment" rather than in real-world situations. This is due to the amount of control in this type of situation, as opposed to the variability that occurs outside of the built environment (Crowe, 2000)
This leads to a distrust of government and law and order as an important value to uphold. As detailed by Franz Doorman in Global development - Part 1, Problems, Chapter IV, the growing divide between rich and poor sharpens the sense that government does not represent 'the people,' only the wealthy, and creates a sense that striving for social mobility and community improvement serves no purpose (Doorman 2003:15)
The losses to the public street crime totaled only $15.3 billion in 1993, but white collar-crime sustained a net loss to society of $200 billion (Kangas 1993)
S. dollars, accounting for 62% of the income of low-income families" (Randall 2000)
It would subject the court or legislature to closer and public scrutiny (Robinson). President Lyndon Johnson's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice was viewed as the single and most influential postwar American criminal justice policy (Coles and Kelling 1999)
Those who made the news by killing somebody became more enticing and people followed them through in the newspapers and television with interest (USA Today). Whenever a heinous crime was committed, the initial reaction was to put the blame on everyone else (Doherty 1998)
The accomplishments of community policing have been significant so that citizens have expressed unwillingness to revert to old strategies and to keep the police and prosecutors collaborating with them (Coles and Kelling). Federal crime control efforts have traditionally been directed at problems beyond state boundaries and with maintaining law and order in areas exclusive to federal jurisdiction or of national concern (O'Bryant 2003)
That desired dramatic change in the U.S. criminal system occurred in the last decade (Robinson 2001)
Congress passed the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act to extend grants to states and local governments for the training of law enforcement personnel, recruitment, public education relating to crime prevention, building construction, education and training of special law enforcement to combat organized crime and the detection of riots and other civil disorders (O'Bryant). All previous and current efforts have culminated in the development of the proactive policing movement as the key to a truly successful crime prevention and control system (Stephens 2001)
Its structures and infrastructures were far below city-wide standards, with a high proportion of vacant, abandoned and dilapidated buildings and poor property. Between 1992 and 1995, the area's crime rate was significantly higher than the city's, with drug activity, assaults, robbery, burglaries and prostitution (Kitchen and Schneider, 2001, p