sup.2] or greater, and more than two-thirds are overweight, with BMIs at or above 25(Tucker, 2005)
Operant Conditioning and Behavior Modification Operant Conditioning and Temper Tantrums Operant conditioning is defined as the use of a series of reinforcement and punishments to encourage a desired behavior (Skinner, 1953)
2002). The condition consists in a disruption in language development or a complete failure to develop language, the need to maintain an unchanging environment, monotonous repetitions of behavioral sequences, good intellectual abilities in very limited areas and little spontaneity in play (Cautilli et al
Even those who had lower IQ levels and placed in special education classes nevertheless showed gains in IQ rates (Handleman & Harris). Technological Interventions Mechanical Prompts Five examples are tactile and auditory prompting devices; video-based instruction and feedback, computer-aided instruction, virtual reality, and robotics (Goldsmith and LeBlanc 2004)
). Douglass Developmental Disabilities Center Applied Behavior Analysis or ABA has proved to be an effective and superior teaching method to children with Autism Spectrum Disorders or ASD (Handleman & Harris 2005)
Rotating Classroom Schedule Autistic children prefer an unchanged environment. Teachers, thus, reduce the number of changes to which these children are exposed throughout the day each day (Jewell et al
). Tools for Tackling the Outside World It is not easy for parents to bring their autistic child outside the home but he must come in contact with the environment for his own development (Krumins 2006)
These include a regular visual schedule; a "game" plan before going out of the house; showing or explaining expectations; packing sensory objects needed for each day's tasks; and informing particular individuals about what to expect from the autistic child or person (Krumins). Joint Attention Programs, which focus on joint attention, can change attention states and improve social functioning and long-term prognosis (Mahoney 2006)
These are often less complex and more repetitive than those engaged in by typical, normal children (Schreibman & Powell). Another study found tha naive judge detected differences in the play behaviors of normally developing children and in those of children with autism (Stahmer et al
However, the outcomes could be improved by the consideration of other variables as previously mentioned. The other important lesson of the process is that progress is not always linear because of moving forward and backward in achieving the stated goals, which implies that success requires persistence (Engelhardt, 2012)
Despite being tasteful and containing flavor, the negative impacts of carbonated drinks is attributed to the ingredients used to produce these beverages. On the contrary, water has numerous benefits to the body including quenching thirst, keeping the skin clear and healthy, and protecting the human body from various illnesses (Ko, Hung & Chu, 2007)
Neurolinguistic programming is a model of diagnosis. The NLP diagnosis determines the NLP intervention (Robbins, 1995)
Neurolinguistic programming is a model of diagnosis. The NLP diagnosis determines the NLP intervention (Robbins, 1995)
Rather than evolving into a scientific body of knowledge, it is now an emulate of the Internet: anarchic, uncontrollable, "owned" by its many contributors and developers around the world, and a continually creative entity. Laboratory experimentation and the application of statistical models to testing hypothesis in the field of psychology have been questionable methods for determining the validity of numerous cognitive models (Southworth, 1995)
Neurolinguistic programming is a model of diagnosis. The NLP diagnosis determines the NLP intervention (Robbins, 1995)
Einspruch & Forman (1985) believe that Sharpley (1984) failed to consider numerous methodological errors in his review of NLP research. The categories of errors include: researcher's lack of understanding of the concepts of pattern recognition and inadequate control of context, unfamiliarity with NLP as an approach to therapy, inadequate definitions of rapport, and "logical mistakes" (Einspruch & Forman, 1985)
Research may be designed to evaluate the truthfulness of the model's claims, or may be designed to evaluate the usefulness of the model's claims. Neurolinguistic programming as a field of study is not concerned with researching the truthfulness of the model, only the usefulness (Dilts, 1983)
Self-Esteem Low self-esteem is not solely the outcome of maladaptive behavioral processes. There is far too much evidence to indicate that family processes such as high parental criticism, traumatic life events such as sexual abuse (Bolger, Patterson, & Kupersmidt, 1998), and other life circumstances can have a corrosive influence on self- esteem
Different studies have shown that interventions in which self-esteem was particularly targeted in the study showed more positive results than the ones in which the factor of self-esteem was used along with other variable like social skills, depression etc. This shows that keeping self-esteem as the only target during an intervention in the behavior modification therapy is more effective (Haney & Durlak, 1998)
Low self-esteem is not considered as any kind of disease, disorder or a syndrome but is often presented as a symptom in various disorders. However, low self-esteem is rarely considered as an only target of behavior modification therapy (Kendall, 1991)