When these trials were being conducted in places such as: Nuremberg and Tokyo, these defendants were held to this standard. (Plesch 101 -- 118) In many cases, they tried to claim that they were simply following orders
Moreover, the Germans had been able to create the first jet aircraft. (Ward 34 -- 52) After the war was over, the Allies were rounding up these scientists and were learning everything about these secret programs
African-American civil rights advocates decided to challenge the discriminatory policies by demonstrating their loyalty to the United States in the war abroad and combating racism at home. In addition to fighting the Nazis abroad in a larger war, they had to conduct a sort of "a war within a war" at home (Black and Thompson)
On one side were its historic practices of discrimination, often exercised toward Mexicans, Asians, and Indians as well as blacks. On the other wide would be wartime ideology and labor shortages, which, coupled with extensive migration of African-Americans, would challenge those practices and put blacks in the forefront of racial issues in the West (De Graaf 24)
Government rather that fight on its behalf. Radio Berlin cynically asked, "How could the Americans Indians think of bearing arms for its exploiters?" (Holm 69)
. The FEPC influenced the course of civil rights reform as it became a postwar model for city, state, and, federal efforts against employment discrimination" (Kersten 14)
"You are now the husband of a career woman," one woman wrote. "Opened my little checking account too and it's a grand and glorious feeling to write a check all your own and not have to ask for one" (Litoff and Smith 23)
It made them far more serious about the bare realities of life: life, death, values. It robbed them, in a sense, of some childhood" (Strong and Wood)
In addition to fighting the Nazis abroad in a larger war, they had to conduct a sort of "a war within a war" at home (Black and Thompson). African-Americans dubbed this struggle the "Double V," meaning that they would attain victory over fascism abroad and over racism at home (Takaki; Perry)
Of over 60 tanks committed to the battle, half broke down before their advance began, more failed or were rendered immobile in the early stages of their advance, and perhaps 20 actually participated in the fighting (Harris 65). Those tanks did, however, have an immediate effect, inspiring terror in sections of the German army and aiding a British advance which only ran out of steam once the British infantry failed to capitalize upon the ground gained (Bourne 64, Harris 65-6)
Predecessors of the modern tank can be found in the designs of Leonardo da Vinci, and the line of descent of the tank can be traced to the war chariots of the Ancient Egyptians, Assyrians and Romans, and even the armored fighting elephants of the Carthaginian and Indian armies (Reid 37), while a "modern steam war chariot" had been proposed by a British engineer in 1838 (Wright 23). The armored car, a conventional motor vehicle chassis with added armor and armament, was already established in many armies before 1914, but did not possess the cross-country abilities that were to be central to the concept of the tank (Harris 9)
The tank is based upon an old idea, that of a protected mobile carrier for men and weapons on the battlefield. Predecessors of the modern tank can be found in the designs of Leonardo da Vinci, and the line of descent of the tank can be traced to the war chariots of the Ancient Egyptians, Assyrians and Romans, and even the armored fighting elephants of the Carthaginian and Indian armies (Reid 37), while a "modern steam war chariot" had been proposed by a British engineer in 1838 (Wright 23)
The question of the most appropriate use of these new fighting machines remained open however. Were they most suitable for spearheading direct assaults, supported by artillery and infantry, or should they be used (as British commanders initially envisaged) in a supporting role to infantry attacks (Travers 73)? The lessons of the early attacks, with the potential of the tank for rapid movement and battlefield domination seemingly counterbalanced by its unreliability, vulnerability to artillery and inability to hold ground as well as take it, were equivocal
The tank is based upon an old idea, that of a protected mobile carrier for men and weapons on the battlefield. Predecessors of the modern tank can be found in the designs of Leonardo da Vinci, and the line of descent of the tank can be traced to the war chariots of the Ancient Egyptians, Assyrians and Romans, and even the armored fighting elephants of the Carthaginian and Indian armies (Reid 37), while a "modern steam war chariot" had been proposed by a British engineer in 1838 (Wright 23)
" (Ziegler 38) and they had some right to think this as the United States Army consisted of "just 128,000 and 81,000 Reservists, and lacking almost all the equipment necessary for modern warfare…." (Henry 3) However, the Germans' were wrong and within two and a half months of the American declaration of war, "more than 500,000 men had volunteered in the American Army and Navy
The delayed production of adequate equipment, gas masks, and supplies came at the cost of increased casualties and wasted resources from accidents involving hurried training programs" (83). The immediate effects of the gas attack at Ypres resulted in research into even more destructive weapons, including the flamethrowers and incendiary bombs that could be delivered by the burgeoning air forces of both sides (Bundt 83)
For instance, familiar weapons such as bayonet-equipped rifles, machine guns, hand grenades and knives were standard issue for the soldiers of the Allies and Central Powers alike. Likewise, flamethrowers, tanks and even fixed-wing aircraft and dirigibles were increasingly used as the war dragged on, all with limited effectiveness (Childs 37)
The immediate effects of the gas attack at Ypres resulted in research into even more destructive weapons, including the flamethrowers and incendiary bombs that could be delivered by the burgeoning air forces of both sides (Bundt 83). In response to the inhuman nature of gas warfare, its specific use, together with biological warfare, was banned by the Geneva Protocol of 1925 (Gould 17)
An examination concerning the reasons why there were so many stalemates on the battlefield, which led to a war of attrition and mass casualties is followed by a summary of the research and important findings in the conclusion. Review and Discussion Weaponry of the First World War The First World War was fought primarily by the Allied Powers comprised of Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, Japan and ultimately the United States against the Central Powers consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey (Neiberg 61)
Forty or fifty of these machines [would be enough]" (quoted in Childs at 3). Finally, the First World War was also fought above and below the sea, with navies on both sides that battled it out on the Atlantic while the British high command became increasingly alarmed at the offensive nature of the German's improved U-boat fleet and lighter-than-air capabilities as the war progressed (Seligmann 142)