However the primary focus of such research has been on the company human resource management strategies, while scant attention is given to individuals' attributes. Therefore such research has effectively neglected self-directed career development (Ali, 2012)
Culture often denotes a series of common traditions, beliefs, views and norms that have been handed over through generations (Senior & Bhopal, 1994). According to Allik & Realo, (2009), the modes of transmission of culture include elements like language, media messages, cultural practices and institutions, values and artifacts as well as through the behavior of individuals and groups as reactions to certain situations (Allik & Realo, 2009)
It is the characteristic of that particular group of people and their reaction to situations. This is a direct fall out of the cultural influence on individuals that they develop through years of passing down of the culture and the belief (Chen, 2000)
According to Allik & Realo, (2009), the modes of transmission of culture include elements like language, media messages, cultural practices and institutions, values and artifacts as well as through the behavior of individuals and groups as reactions to certain situations (Allik & Realo, 2009). Social scientists are of the view that individuals are affected by these influences through the modes of transmission of culture and cultural values (Crocker et al
Given all the various options that cultural influence presents to individuals and groups, researchers are of a common view that culture is the key factor that determines how and what a person (Diener, Oishi, & Lucas, 2003). Since different societies and countries have different cultures and since the development of personality of an individual is influenced by the cultural impact of the place the individual was born and brought up in, there are bound to be differences in cultures in behavior of people in different countries as well as within countries (Crotts, 2004)
Individuals as well as groups have the option of choosing and even modifying the options that culture presents to them according to the personal preferences, moods, and specific situations that the individuals are faced with. Given all the various options that cultural influence presents to individuals and groups, researchers are of a common view that culture is the key factor that determines how and what a person (Diener, Oishi, & Lucas, 2003)
This is especially true for issues that are related to humans and the society. According to Gunz and Peiperl, (2007), no matter how much you learn about personal and social factors and relations, the best way to gain concrete knowledge is through experiencing the situation personally (Gunz & Peiperl, 2007)
Previous experience of dealing with tackling of alien cultures can come in handy in such situations which can help save valuable time for the students trying to adjust to the new conditions (Le, Donnellan & Conger, 2013). The time saved can help them concentrate more and more on the education and hence enhance employability (http://wall.oise.utoronto.ca, 2015)
This curiosity can be related to people, places, ideas, etc. (Hynes, Norton & Hanley, 2012)
It is however of no consequence to judging which culture is better and which approach is more suitable. All that matters is the result that the approaches yield (Kim & Lee, 2000)
This is an adaptive method for intercultural adjustment. One should not jump to conclusions even if one fails to understand why people do a particular thing (Kotus, 2012)
Lami, (2014) define culture as the network of knowledge that is procedural or the sequence of learned responses that individuals give to particular situations and declarative or the representations of people, events and norms. Such attributes are created, distributed and recreated among a section of population who are interconnected by these attributes (Lami, 2014)
Le, Donnellan & Conger, (2013) therefore claim that often students wanting to study abroad find themselves amidst a new culture. Previous experience of dealing with tackling of alien cultures can come in handy in such situations which can help save valuable time for the students trying to adjust to the new conditions (Le, Donnellan & Conger, 2013)
Culture, according to researchers however provides options to individuals to pick and choose from among a host of potions that culture often offers as reactions to certain situations. However it has often been seen that such options also bear traits of the cultural identity of a certain group (Martinez & Oishi, 2006)
Apart from the societal norms and beliefs, issues and aspects related to food, electricity, transport and safety are some of the fundamental things that people would find differences in immediately. Experiencing the availability or non-availability or the difference in usage and application in different culture and societies really makes one realize the importance that one should attach to such elements (Murphy, Benckendorff & Moscardo, 2007)
While ethnicity denotes the origin of an individual from a common background or social origins, culture is a tradition that is maintained and handed over through generations that creates a sense of identity and group membership. Culture often denotes a series of common traditions, beliefs, views and norms that have been handed over through generations (Senior & Bhopal, 1994)
One of the most important environmental factors is the influence of culture. According to Triandis & Suh, (2002), culture is defined as the shared meaning systems that creates the benchmark for perceiving, believing, evaluating, communicating, and acting among the population that share a common language, a historic period and often the same geographic location (Triandis & Suh, 2002)
Other researchers like Suutari and Brewster (2000) and Vance (2002) claim the importance of selected or self-initiated expatriation by a section of the individuals who look to gain greater career development by working abroad in a different atmosphere. The researchers claim that is because such people feel that their exposure to alien and new cultures would effectively increase their capability to adapt to new conditions and situations and gain from the experiences of working and living in a new cultural environment (Vance, 2005)
This model of disruptive innovation gives a plausible account for why there might be a negative correlation between negative consumer comments and operating profits among the airlines we studied. But how does this information help marketers in the airline industry do their job? How does understanding the dynamics of word of mouth marketing help marketers build a successful airline, or a successful marketing campaign for that matter? If we take seriously the notion that word of mouth on social media sites is a media channel with frequency, reach and content that has a direct relationship to profitability then airline marketers have several approaches open to them (Arnold, 2010)
While many people might have anticipated that negative comments are as predictive as positive comments, few people would expect negative comments alone to be predictive of operating profit. The correlation of negative comments is even higher against the five-quarter average of operational profits than it is with operational profits in Q3/2009 (Doganis, 2010)