It also requires effort from a multidisciplinary team such neurosurgeons, neurointensivists, therapists, respiratory therapist and bed side nurses. (Haddid & Arabi, 2012)
Thus trauma is considered a disease for the poor or those who are medically underserved. The minorities are all represented in the low income populations and are less likely to have an insurance cover, thus causing the cascading effect (Heffernan, et al
Being aware of TBI related symptoms such as sustained sports injuries and those involved in conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. Note that post-traumatic headaches (PTH) is poorly understood and may be classified as secondary syndrome as far as International of Headaches Disorders is concerned (Hoffman, et al
The head turns with a metronome set, which replicates the movement and velocity that is aligned with day-to-day living patterns of the patient. (Hugentobler, Vegh, Janiszewski, & Yates, 2015)
Financial costs of TBI on families, the population and patient on diagnosis The study shows that the estimated cost due to brain trauma deaths was 20.7 million USD in 2009; in 2013 98% of the cost was related to productivity (indirect costs) while 2% related to direct medical expenses (Kavosi, Jafari, Hatam, & Enaami, 2015)
Standard of Practice The newly developed Canadian guidelines can help aid healthcare professionals to implement best practices, meant to help challenged population (experiencing post concussive symptoms (PPCS) which follows a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) also referred to as concussion or mild head injury. This head disorder has become common today and there is increased public awareness through reportage of concussion in sport prevention and media attention on injuries associated with military blast (Marshall, Bayley, McCullagh, Velikonja, & Berrigan, 2012) Studies on MTBI hospital treated cases and those presented to family physicians have been estimated to be between 653 and 493 per 1000 people in Ontario
Standard of Practice The newly developed Canadian guidelines can help aid healthcare professionals to implement best practices, meant to help challenged population (experiencing post concussive symptoms (PPCS) which follows a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) also referred to as concussion or mild head injury. This head disorder has become common today and there is increased public awareness through reportage of concussion in sport prevention and media attention on injuries associated with military blast (Marshall, Bayley, McCullagh, Velikonja, & Berrigan, 2012) Studies on MTBI hospital treated cases and those presented to family physicians have been estimated to be between 653 and 493 per 1000 people in Ontario
This may be seen in their level of attention, speed of processing ideas, memory, visual spatial problems, receptive language and how they learn. In the initial phase of recovery from TBI, the parent must focus on the recovery of the child (Mayfield, 2009)
Family members may become anxious, angry, guilty, and frustrated. (Novack, n
Ina study 17 questions related to demographics, post-concussive symptoms, type of treatment, and mechanism of injury, location and TBI case ascertainment was used. Logistic regression was used in identifying the factors associated with not seeking medical care (Setnik & Bazarian, 2007)
Adherence to the guidelines reduces the cost and improves outcome in TBI. The Brain Trauma Foundation guideline improves the care for all TBI patients at the centers (Sharma, Gomez, deMestral, Hsiao, Rutka, & Nathens, 2014)
Disparities in management of TBI on an international and national level The issues of gender, class and ethnicity have been cited in discussions about brain injury treatment as well as care. This has added disparity in level of care in states (Stone, 2014)
It targets secondary injury including growth factors, calcium channel blockers, free radical scavengers, N- methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) magnesium sulfate and corticosteroids. Phase II clinical trials evaluate efficacy of combinations, such as PEG-SOD (polyethylene glycol conjugated superoxide dismutase) nimodopine, triamcinolone and moderate hypothermia, (Xiong, Mahmood, & Chopp, 2010)