Toluene diisocyanate (TDI). The compound dinitrotoluene (DNT) is typically used to manufacture toluene diisocyanate (TDI) which is used to make polyurethane foams, elastomers, and protective coatings (Butrica & Douglas, 1990) Description of the toxicants' common routes of exposure PCBs
439). The research to date also indicates that Chromium (VI) exposure can cause point mutations in DNA as well as damage to chromosomes; in addition, exposure to Chromium (VI) has also been shown to cause to affect formation and can result in oxidative changes in proteins (Dayan & Paine, 2001)
Polychlorinated biphenyls. Commonly referred to by their acronym, PCB, polychlorinated biphenyls are organochlorine contaminants that are among the more stable and pervasive toxicants encountered by humans today (Liberda, Tsuji & Wainman, 2007)
, 2007) Chromium waste. Chromium waste dust is frequently carried by the wind into nearby residences where it can be directly inhaled or accumulate on residence interiors where it can eventually become resuspended in the air (Lioy, 2010)
, 2007) Chromium waste. Chromium waste dust is frequently carried by the wind into nearby residences where it can be directly inhaled or accumulate on residence interiors where it can eventually become resuspended in the air (Lioy, 2010)
, 2007) Chromium waste. Chromium waste dust is frequently carried by the wind into nearby residences where it can be directly inhaled or accumulate on residence interiors where it can eventually become resuspended in the air (Lioy, 2010)
Chromium waste. This toxicant is a common material used in the automotive industry (Smith, 1998) as well as in nuclear reactors and treatment systems (Rayl, 2003)
To date, some commercial applications have been developed that use chromium waste as a raw material (Smith, 1998). In other cases, though, chromium waste accumulates in the air, soil and water in and around abandoned industrial sites and the substance is known to be highly carcinogenic (Sharma, 2005)
Chromium waste. This toxicant is a common material used in the automotive industry (Smith, 1998) as well as in nuclear reactors and treatment systems (Rayl, 2003)
This crystalline solid is white, odorless, and is flake-like in appearance; the current primary application for acrylamide is for drinking water treatment, but it is also used in to improve production from oil wells; make organic dyes and chemicals, sizing of paper and textiles; ore processing; and the construction of dam foundations and tunnels (Acrylamide consumer fact sheet, 2012). A suspected carcinogenic, acrylamide is commonly found in the sealants used in dams (where its toxic effects were first studied) as well as the textile and paper industries and the substance can contaminate groundwater sources and is known to cause peripheral neuropathy (Timbrell, 2005)
White Lead, Lead Sulphate and Lead Chromate are used as rudiments in paints and earthenware varnishes, particularly in colors cherry and yellow. (Berard, 2005)
In reality, lead that enters water systems such as rivers, seas and lakes through above the ground deposition or overflow is dumped in bed sediments in connection with particulate substance. For instance iron and manganese oxides particulate substances or, could in addition precipitate outside solution with carbonate or sulphide (Prosi, 1989)
Large amounts of 1,000 or more per trillion are harmful and produce human health effects. EPA has released a new rule that requires soot pollution maximum to be reduced by 20% in efforts to reduce illness and save lives (Press, 2012)
Yet because TDI does not bioaccumulate, factory workers are at the highest risk of exposure. When it is dissolved in water, TDI biodegrades into an inert material (Allport, Gilbert & Outterside 2003)
Exposure to PCBs may also be airborne or from skin contact (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 2001). Bioaccumulation is high with PCBs, which degrade very slowly and have the potential to mutate (Iyengar 2005)
Some recent studies reported the detection of free BPA in blood and urine in animals and humans, leading to speculation on whether BPA might accumulate in the body and/or whether other, non-food sources may contribute to human exposure." (Aschberger et al
Consumers and some members of the scientific community are concerned about the lack of regulation over use of Bisphenol A. Many studies have been performed on animals; some of the earliest studies in regard to Bisphenol A and rodents were done as early as 1938 (Case, 2008)
BPA is used in the production of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins used to line metal cans, and in many plastic consumer products including toys, water pipes, drinking containers, eyeglass lenses, sports safety equipment, dental monomers, medical equipment and tubing, and consumer electronics." (Vandenberg, et al