According to the coercive mobility hypothesis, the mass incarceration increases the probability of crimes by reducing the impact of informal social controls. Once the informal social controls are withered away due to mass incarceration, overall destabilization increases in the area where incarcerations are frequent (Clear, 2007)
inmates. Lack of solid family support is also detrimental to the cause of rehabilitation of inmates (Petersilia, 2000)
inmates. Lack of solid family support is also detrimental to the cause of rehabilitation of inmates (Petersilia, 2000)
The study by NSW Justice Health indicated that inmates having substance abuse disorders along with non-substance disorder were likely to re-offend due to the complexity of their issue, mental and physical. "After adjustment for demographic and criminal history characteristics, the rate of re-offending among prisoners who had co-morbid substance and non-substance mental health disorders was 67 per cent, compared with 55 per cent among prisoners who had only a substance disorder" (Smith & Trimboli, 2010; Pg
The Gadsden County Jail near Tallahassee, Florida houses 250 inmates as opposed to a capacity of 150. This was reported by CBS news and attributed the figures to president of the International Association of Chiefs of Police, Walter McNeil (Teichner, 2012)
Successful accomplishment of the program leads to the offender's file being expunged (Schuckit, 2006). Drug courts have also been established with the aim of diminution of recidivism and drug abuse amongst non-violent drug abusing reprobates by increasing their chances of successful restoration through early, continuous intense judicial supervision of treatment, mandatory and regular drug testing and the use of appropriate restrictions (Mears, 2010) and other rehabilitation services
These include plans developed in order to hold the offenders responsible for the criminal acts and place them in closely supervised programs with the aim of reestablishing the offenders in the society without a felony record after a successful achievement of various requirements. These may comprise admitting to having committed the said crime, consistently reporting to a probation officer, completing the assigned community service, undergoing frequent drug tests, paying all compensations (Bean, 2008) to the victims of the crime he/she committed and paying all court costs
Substance abuse can be defined simply as a maladaptive use of any harmful substance for the purposes of mood-altering and not limited to the use of prohibited drugs or the misuse of prescription and over-the-counter drugs with an intention other than that for which it is recommended or in a way or in quantities other than instructed (Bennett & Holloway, 2005)
This may consist of commition of a crime against a victim by the criminal, as well as self-victimization due to mood changes instigated by drug abuse. The crimes also consists crimes carried out by persons experiencing withdrawal symptoms such as heightened levels of anxiety (Reamer, 2005) and petulance and intentional intake of a substance in order to alleviate anxieties and arouse courage in preparation of violent criminal acts
Use of crystal meth/methamphetamine and speed/amphetamine makes the abuser feel strong, energetic and confident in a short duration but with the high, may cause panic, irritability and a paranoid feeling that everybody is watching him/her. Smoking methamphetamine (crystal meth) enables one to get a prolonged high but with a terrible comedown, leaving one with a sense of hopelessness and sadness The long-term effects of using the above drugs may include permanent depression caused by regular injection of speed into the blood stream and difficulties in thinking, remembering, finding solutions to problems and coping with one's emotions (Schuckit, 2006)
Thus, criminals who use are seen not merely as drug users but also as people who are likely to execute drug dealings, robbery, identity theft and other offenses to support their patterns. A similar analysis has been employed to gang members and those using guns to commit violent crimes (Miron, 2004)
System related crimes on the other hand include criminal acts that are directly and circumlocutorily connected to the system of drug supply and distribution, which often has a propensity of being associated with the execution of violent crimes. However, these are not only limited to drug possession and manufacturing violations, but also the acts of violence stemming from dealings between drug dealers; competition for the substance markets and buyers; clashes and rip-offs amongst persons engaged in the illegitimate drug souk; spoiled drug deals; recognition of police informers or undercover law enforcement officers; killing as a means of instilling systemic codes; murdering of informants; harm or death due to disputes over drug ownership; territory amongst others (WALTERS, 2002)
, Cartwright, 1981; Wagner, 2001) and that punishments need to be imposed immediately to be effective, whereas the legal system takes some time to do this (Wagner, 2001). There are additional problems with both the sole use of CC and IC techniques as there is an implied disapproval by the therapist of the client's "irrational" or "dysfunctional" behavior without considering the client's thought processes (Cartwright, 1981)
Two are cue exposure therapy and aversion therapy. Cue exposure therapy (Drummond, Cooper, & Glautier, 1990) interprets cues associated with substance abuse (in this case the stress at work and the sights, people, and all environmental stimuli in the tavern) as conditioned stimuli
However, it is never possible to identify all the cues associated with a conditioned behavior and over time the behavior could spontaneously remit is Kyle continues to experience stress at work and/or go to the tavern. Aversion therapy (O'Farrell et al
One way to look at Kyle's substance abuse is through an instrumental conditioning (IC) paradigm. Kyle's use of alcohol can be viewed as a form of negative reinforcement where drinking alcohol relieves the unwanted symptoms of stress/anxiety (Wagner, 2001)
In the case of certain highly addictive drugs, one only has to use the drug once to become addicted. Aside from the approximately 100,000 deaths that are directly related to drug abuse in the United States every year, Many more deaths are indirectly related to substance abuse, such as AIDS and other communicable diseases that are a product of the drug culture (Abbott, 2002)
Alcoholism will be diagnosed if the person engages in risky behaviors, such as drinking and driving, or repeated legal problems. Alcoholism is determined to be problematic if the person continues to drink despite alcohol related social and interpersonal problems (Anderson, 2004)
For instance, one man reacted to his wife's efforts to keep him away by drugs by reporting that it made him feel like a prisoner. He managed to find an opportunity where he was not at work or with his family and sought out an opportunity to use cocaine as soon as he could get away on his own (Carroll, et
They can consider alternatives and make decisions based on these predictions. These changes in ability to think encourage independent decision-making, and the decisions they make may not always be the ones adults would choose for them (Gallione et