All of sudden, music, make-up, hair, and clothes were not signs or reflections of criminal behaviour or adolescent rebellion, but of resistance to a class hierarchy that determined the young people's lives and futures. As Christine Griffin notes, the psychology-popularized "storm-and-stress" model depicts youth as a time of unavoidable social psychological turmoil that is between childhood's dependency and the mature stability of adulthood (Barker & Galasi-ski, 2001)
These methods helped to give as much insight as possible on the process and the context of a multiethnic respondents' media consumption. Qualitative approaches were used because they are able to highlight the lives of the respondents and also make inferences about the reasons behind why they behave in certain ways (Bryman, 2004)
They also emphasized popular culture as an area of struggle and resistance for the youth. Prior to Raymond William's work being released, youth research was almost always only found in works done with regards to sociology of deviance, which portrayed some young people as criminals who were determined to undermine the society (Bucholz, 2002; Lutzker, 2002)
All these activities or studies cannot be determined through the use of questionnaires, especially if the researcher is keen to analyse the similarities and differences across different age groups and ethnicities. Unlike the many studies done on the youth's media consumption, this one does not seek to make a causal association between media consumption and moral values, because that method is considered too simplistic in theorising the youth and their media consumption (Dearn, 2013)
) public sphere. It is true that popular culture can be quite influenced by corporate interests, which are private and driven by profit; nonetheless, popular culture is an arena where people have a stake, a voice, and an interest (Dolby, 2003)
Theoretical framework The idea of media consumption and the way it has helped users to form their own identities is demonstrated through reviewing the users' day-to-day use. A better comprehension of the users' consumption enables more understanding of the reasons behind their consumption (Karim, 2010)
In this manner, the style of the youth became a site for political struggle, as the idea of "politics" had expanded beyond the parliament, courts, and street protests. The first youth subculture researchers focused mostly on class analysis; those who followed later quickly expanded the field to encompass race and gender (Lee & Vaught, 2003; Dyson, 2003)
Thus participants were always asked to submit their contact details in the diary in case there was a need for follow up. This study required all the respondents to come back for further interviews (Lewis, 2006)
One of the most significant studies in this new arena was an ethnographic study titled 'Learning to Labour' by Willis. The study was about working class youths in a high school located near an industrial centre in Britain (McAdams, Josselson & Lieblich, 2006)
The changing gender roles, family relations, and the dissolution of tradition may somewhat imply a loosening of the social fabric. Some researchers have warned about the emergence of a 'risk' society (one example is the increase in criminal activity, and the increased use of drugs among young women in the last two decades) (Skoe & von der Lippe, 2005)
Focus Group A focus group interview is one in which there is a group discussion on a specific issue. The discussion is guided by a facilitator or moderator (Tonkiss, 2004)
Nevertheless, radicalization does not take place without the influence on the person, which is the identity Borum (2011) suggests that the world changes with the attachments that people absorb into their lives. The changes and transformations that take place among the people are essential and influential in influencing the change of attitude, intentions, among other attributes in people (Borum, 2011)
.the use of violence for political ends and includes any use of violence for the purpose of putting the public, or any section of the public, in fear" (Drury & Reicher, 2005)
They have caused structured and adverse terrorism in various parts of the world. Borum (2011) mentions the different interpretations among scholars and even psychological and sociological experts while trying to explore the whole concept of terrorism in the world (Hossain, 2008)
These perspectives are informed by the mechanisms that contribute or cause the formation of the different and distinct personal identities in people. They are the discourses under which identities are formed and perpetuated in the society (Identity and Pluralism: Ethnicity, Religion, and Values, 2008)
From the conceptual framework used, religion offers a distinct ground that enables an individual to explore a given identity formation. The religious background sets the base from where a person can have a drive in the development and the sustenance of an identity (Karim, 2014)
The identity associated with terrorism and radicalization is derived from the personal identity that has been influenced by some factors, most of which are external. Identity evolves through the course of life (Keaton & Gearhart, 2013)
The official name of this group is the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant/Syria (ISIL). This group has taken control of the northern parts of Iraq together with the western Syria (Kleinmann, 2012)
' The Oxford English Dictionary defines identity as 'the characteristic determining who or what a person or thing is.' This definition is also further appraised by the understanding that identity refers to a collection or sum of the characteristics that define a person or a thing (Liles, 2012)
The nature of the relative deprivation makes people venture into movements, especially when what has been denied has brought some sense of inequality. Moreover, the aspect of the movement is also initiated by the stoppage of the flow of normally regarding development that has been the main theme and a boost of life (McGregor, Hayes, & Prentice, 2015)